Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance

Abstract This study presents an automated drop-casting deposition method implemented by modifying a micropipette for motor-controlled operation using an interface developed in MATLAB. The system was optimized to deliver precise 2 µL droplets, ensuring uniform film deposition on quartz crystal microb...

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Main Authors: Alexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez, Juan Castillo-Mixcóatl, Miguel Ángel Moreno-Acosta, Omar Sosa-Ramos, Marcos Rodríguez-Torres, Georgina Beltrán-Pérez, Víctor Altuzar, Claudia Mendoza-Barrera, Severino Muñoz-Aguirre
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-06-01
Series:Discover Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06757-0
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author Alexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez
Juan Castillo-Mixcóatl
Miguel Ángel Moreno-Acosta
Omar Sosa-Ramos
Marcos Rodríguez-Torres
Georgina Beltrán-Pérez
Víctor Altuzar
Claudia Mendoza-Barrera
Severino Muñoz-Aguirre
author_facet Alexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez
Juan Castillo-Mixcóatl
Miguel Ángel Moreno-Acosta
Omar Sosa-Ramos
Marcos Rodríguez-Torres
Georgina Beltrán-Pérez
Víctor Altuzar
Claudia Mendoza-Barrera
Severino Muñoz-Aguirre
author_sort Alexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study presents an automated drop-casting deposition method implemented by modifying a micropipette for motor-controlled operation using an interface developed in MATLAB. The system was optimized to deliver precise 2 µL droplets, ensuring uniform film deposition on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrodes. Compared to manual deposition, the automated method showed significant improvements in film surface roughness and thickness uniformity, achieving 2.5 to 3.3 times lower standard deviations in film thickness and up to a 60% reduction in thickness dispersion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed a 3.5 times reduction in surface roughness dispersion for Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films. Statistical analysis using F-tests confirmed the improvement in thickness uniformity for Apiezon L (p = 0.02102), PMMA (p = 0.00283) and ethyl cellulose (p = 0.00120) films. These results highlight the better control provided by the automated system, leading to enhanced gas sensor performance with sensitivity increments up to 30% when exposed to 2130 ppm of heptane and 2060 ppm of ethanol concentrations.
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spelling doaj-art-0ef2bc2d8231413295f26040c5b4e4e32025-08-20T03:22:54ZengSpringerDiscover Applied Sciences3004-92612025-06-017711310.1007/s42452-025-06757-0Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalanceAlexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez0Juan Castillo-Mixcóatl1Miguel Ángel Moreno-Acosta2Omar Sosa-Ramos3Marcos Rodríguez-Torres4Georgina Beltrán-Pérez5Víctor Altuzar6Claudia Mendoza-Barrera7Severino Muñoz-Aguirre8Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Físico MatemáticasAbstract This study presents an automated drop-casting deposition method implemented by modifying a micropipette for motor-controlled operation using an interface developed in MATLAB. The system was optimized to deliver precise 2 µL droplets, ensuring uniform film deposition on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrodes. Compared to manual deposition, the automated method showed significant improvements in film surface roughness and thickness uniformity, achieving 2.5 to 3.3 times lower standard deviations in film thickness and up to a 60% reduction in thickness dispersion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed a 3.5 times reduction in surface roughness dispersion for Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films. Statistical analysis using F-tests confirmed the improvement in thickness uniformity for Apiezon L (p = 0.02102), PMMA (p = 0.00283) and ethyl cellulose (p = 0.00120) films. These results highlight the better control provided by the automated system, leading to enhanced gas sensor performance with sensitivity increments up to 30% when exposed to 2130 ppm of heptane and 2060 ppm of ethanol concentrations.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06757-0Automated drop-castingMicropipette modificationQCMFilm thickness uniformityAFMSensor sensitivity
spellingShingle Alexis Iván Bravo-Sánchez
Juan Castillo-Mixcóatl
Miguel Ángel Moreno-Acosta
Omar Sosa-Ramos
Marcos Rodríguez-Torres
Georgina Beltrán-Pérez
Víctor Altuzar
Claudia Mendoza-Barrera
Severino Muñoz-Aguirre
Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
Discover Applied Sciences
Automated drop-casting
Micropipette modification
QCM
Film thickness uniformity
AFM
Sensor sensitivity
title Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
title_full Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
title_fullStr Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
title_full_unstemmed Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
title_short Automation of the drop-casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
title_sort automation of the drop casting deposition method for polymeric sensing films over a quartz crystal microbalance
topic Automated drop-casting
Micropipette modification
QCM
Film thickness uniformity
AFM
Sensor sensitivity
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06757-0
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