Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management

Sarcoidosis is a complex disease of unknown origin, primarily affecting the lungs but capable of involving almost any organ. Diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific markers and requires assessment of clinical features, careful imaging, exclusion of other conditions and, ideally, a tissu...

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Main Authors: Robina K. Coker, Kathy M. Cullen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-05-01
Series:Clinical Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470211825000442
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author Robina K. Coker
Kathy M. Cullen
author_facet Robina K. Coker
Kathy M. Cullen
author_sort Robina K. Coker
collection DOAJ
description Sarcoidosis is a complex disease of unknown origin, primarily affecting the lungs but capable of involving almost any organ. Diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific markers and requires assessment of clinical features, careful imaging, exclusion of other conditions and, ideally, a tissue biopsy demonstrating non-necrotising granulomas.Over 90% of patients have pulmonary involvement, presenting with symptoms like dry cough and breathlessness, along with systemic signs such as fever and weight loss.Extrapulmonary manifestations occur in about 30% of cases and can affect any organ, including the heart, nervous system and eyes.Management involves a multidisciplinary approach with some patients requiring immunosuppressive and antifibrotic therapies. Despite generally good outcomes, sarcoidosis can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly from pulmonary and cardiac complications. Emerging treatments like infliximab and nintedanib offer hope for refractory cases, although they carry risks of serious infections and other side effects.
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spelling doaj-art-0eebe307c1bc4289a3a7b49a8b6ee2d42025-08-20T03:19:56ZengElsevierClinical Medicine1470-21182025-05-0125310032610.1016/j.clinme.2025.100326Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on managementRobina K. Coker0Kathy M. Cullen1Respiratory Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.Consultant Respiratory Physician, Belfast Trust, Interim Director of Centre for Medical Education, Queens University, Belfast BT7 1NN, United KingdomSarcoidosis is a complex disease of unknown origin, primarily affecting the lungs but capable of involving almost any organ. Diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of specific markers and requires assessment of clinical features, careful imaging, exclusion of other conditions and, ideally, a tissue biopsy demonstrating non-necrotising granulomas.Over 90% of patients have pulmonary involvement, presenting with symptoms like dry cough and breathlessness, along with systemic signs such as fever and weight loss.Extrapulmonary manifestations occur in about 30% of cases and can affect any organ, including the heart, nervous system and eyes.Management involves a multidisciplinary approach with some patients requiring immunosuppressive and antifibrotic therapies. Despite generally good outcomes, sarcoidosis can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly from pulmonary and cardiac complications. Emerging treatments like infliximab and nintedanib offer hope for refractory cases, although they carry risks of serious infections and other side effects.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470211825000442AntifibroticArrhythmiaGranulomaHypercalcaemiaUveitis
spellingShingle Robina K. Coker
Kathy M. Cullen
Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
Clinical Medicine
Antifibrotic
Arrhythmia
Granuloma
Hypercalcaemia
Uveitis
title Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
title_full Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
title_fullStr Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
title_full_unstemmed Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
title_short Sarcoidosis: Key disease aspects and update on management
title_sort sarcoidosis key disease aspects and update on management
topic Antifibrotic
Arrhythmia
Granuloma
Hypercalcaemia
Uveitis
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470211825000442
work_keys_str_mv AT robinakcoker sarcoidosiskeydiseaseaspectsandupdateonmanagement
AT kathymcullen sarcoidosiskeydiseaseaspectsandupdateonmanagement