Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i>
The search for novel plant-based antioxidant and antibacterial medication has garnered a lot of attention lately. <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i>, known as licorice, is one of the most important medicinal plants. The primary component of Glycyrrhiza glabra is glycyrrhizin, which is biotransfor...
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2024-09-01
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| author | Shaymaa Wagdy El-Far Mahmoud A. Al-Saman Fatma I. Abou-Elazm Rania Ibrahim Shebl Asmaa Abdella |
| author_facet | Shaymaa Wagdy El-Far Mahmoud A. Al-Saman Fatma I. Abou-Elazm Rania Ibrahim Shebl Asmaa Abdella |
| author_sort | Shaymaa Wagdy El-Far |
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| description | The search for novel plant-based antioxidant and antibacterial medication has garnered a lot of attention lately. <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i>, known as licorice, is one of the most important medicinal plants. The primary component of Glycyrrhiza glabra is glycyrrhizin, which is biotransformed into 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid for a variety of medicinal purposes. The goal of this study was to improve the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin by its biotransformation into glycyrrhetinic acid by <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. The biotransformation process was optimized using response surface methodology. A two-level Plackett–Burman design was employed to identify the factors that had a significant impact on the process of biotransformation. The three main variables were pH, glycerrhizin concentration, and incubation time. These three medium components were further optimized using a 3-level Box–Behnken design, and their optimum levels were pH of 8, an incubation period of 6 days, and a glycyrrhizin concentration of 1%. Using these optimum conditions, the maximum level obtained was 159% greater than in the screening experiment. Regarding the antimicrobial activity of glycyrrhizin extract, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> emerged as the most sensitive organism with the lowest MIC (60 µg/mL) and the highest zone of inhibition (17 mm). The most resistant organism was <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, which had the highest MIC (400 µg/mL) and the smallest zone of inhibition (10 mm). In the case of glycyrrhetinic acid, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition (32 mm) and the lowest MIC (20 µg/mL). <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was the most resistant organism, with the lowest zone of inhibition (18 mm), and the highest MIC (140 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity of glycyrrhizin extract increased from 12.81% at a concentration of 63 µg/100 µL to 41.41% at a concentration of 1000 µg/100 µL, while that of glycyrrhetinic acid extract increased from 35.5% at a concentration of 63 µg/100 µL to 76.85% at a concentration of 1000 µg/100 µL. The present study concluded that biotransformation of glycyrrhizin into glycyrrhetinic acid increased its bioavailability and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid might be used as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant in pharmaceutical industries |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0ee33e1f7c434bb2baa027ff8533d9bf |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2036-7481 |
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| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0ee33e1f7c434bb2baa027ff8533d9bf2025-08-20T02:00:29ZengMDPI AGMicrobiology Research2036-74812024-09-011541993200610.3390/microbiolres15040133Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i>Shaymaa Wagdy El-Far0Mahmoud A. Al-Saman1Fatma I. Abou-Elazm2Rania Ibrahim Shebl3Asmaa Abdella4Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, EgyptDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 32361, EgyptDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Candian University, Giza 12451, EgyptDepartment of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, EgyptThe search for novel plant-based antioxidant and antibacterial medication has garnered a lot of attention lately. <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i>, known as licorice, is one of the most important medicinal plants. The primary component of Glycyrrhiza glabra is glycyrrhizin, which is biotransformed into 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid for a variety of medicinal purposes. The goal of this study was to improve the bioavailability of glycyrrhizin by its biotransformation into glycyrrhetinic acid by <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. The biotransformation process was optimized using response surface methodology. A two-level Plackett–Burman design was employed to identify the factors that had a significant impact on the process of biotransformation. The three main variables were pH, glycerrhizin concentration, and incubation time. These three medium components were further optimized using a 3-level Box–Behnken design, and their optimum levels were pH of 8, an incubation period of 6 days, and a glycyrrhizin concentration of 1%. Using these optimum conditions, the maximum level obtained was 159% greater than in the screening experiment. Regarding the antimicrobial activity of glycyrrhizin extract, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> emerged as the most sensitive organism with the lowest MIC (60 µg/mL) and the highest zone of inhibition (17 mm). The most resistant organism was <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, which had the highest MIC (400 µg/mL) and the smallest zone of inhibition (10 mm). In the case of glycyrrhetinic acid, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition (32 mm) and the lowest MIC (20 µg/mL). <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was the most resistant organism, with the lowest zone of inhibition (18 mm), and the highest MIC (140 µg/mL). The antioxidant activity of glycyrrhizin extract increased from 12.81% at a concentration of 63 µg/100 µL to 41.41% at a concentration of 1000 µg/100 µL, while that of glycyrrhetinic acid extract increased from 35.5% at a concentration of 63 µg/100 µL to 76.85% at a concentration of 1000 µg/100 µL. The present study concluded that biotransformation of glycyrrhizin into glycyrrhetinic acid increased its bioavailability and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid might be used as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant in pharmaceutical industrieshttps://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/133glycyrrhizin18β-glycyrrhetinic acidbiotransformation<i>Aspergillus niger</i>response surface methodologyantimicrobial |
| spellingShingle | Shaymaa Wagdy El-Far Mahmoud A. Al-Saman Fatma I. Abou-Elazm Rania Ibrahim Shebl Asmaa Abdella Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> Microbiology Research glycyrrhizin 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid biotransformation <i>Aspergillus niger</i> response surface methodology antimicrobial |
| title | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> |
| title_full | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> |
| title_short | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Biotransformed by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> |
| title_sort | antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of 18β glycyrrhetinic acid biotransformed by i aspergillus niger i |
| topic | glycyrrhizin 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid biotransformation <i>Aspergillus niger</i> response surface methodology antimicrobial |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/133 |
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