Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen

Bike-sharing has been widely recognized for addressing the “last-mile” problem and improving commuting efficiency. While prior studies emphasize how the built environment shapes feeder trips, the effects of station types and spatial heterogeneity on bike-sharing and metro integration remain insuffic...

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Main Authors: Yiting Li, Jingwei Li, Ziyue Yu, Siying Li, Aoyong Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Land
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1291
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author Yiting Li
Jingwei Li
Ziyue Yu
Siying Li
Aoyong Li
author_facet Yiting Li
Jingwei Li
Ziyue Yu
Siying Li
Aoyong Li
author_sort Yiting Li
collection DOAJ
description Bike-sharing has been widely recognized for addressing the “last-mile” problem and improving commuting efficiency. While prior studies emphasize how the built environment shapes feeder trips, the effects of station types and spatial heterogeneity on bike-sharing and metro integration remain insufficiently explored. Taking the urban core area of Shenzhen as a case study, this paper examines how the built environment influences such integration during morning peak hours and how these impacts differ across station types. First, we proposed a “3Cs” (convenience, comfort, and caution) framework to capture key built environment factors. Metro stations were classified into commercial, residential, and office types via K-means clustering. Subsequently, the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model and the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model were employed to identify significant factors and explore the spatial heterogeneity of these effects. Results reveal that factors influencing bike-sharing–metro integration vary by station type. While land-use mix and enclosure affect bike-sharing usage across all stations, employment and intersection density are only significant for commercial stations. Furthermore, these influences exhibit spatial heterogeneity. For instance, at office-oriented stations, population shows both positive and negative effects across areas, while residential density has a generally negative impact. These findings enhance our understanding of how the built environment shapes bike-sharing–metro integration patterns and support more targeted planning interventions.
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spelling doaj-art-0ed509fe5bdf479cab3a718425519dff2025-08-20T03:16:33ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-06-01146129110.3390/land14061291Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in ShenzhenYiting Li0Jingwei Li1Ziyue Yu2Siying Li3Aoyong Li4School of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, ChinaSchool of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaBike-sharing has been widely recognized for addressing the “last-mile” problem and improving commuting efficiency. While prior studies emphasize how the built environment shapes feeder trips, the effects of station types and spatial heterogeneity on bike-sharing and metro integration remain insufficiently explored. Taking the urban core area of Shenzhen as a case study, this paper examines how the built environment influences such integration during morning peak hours and how these impacts differ across station types. First, we proposed a “3Cs” (convenience, comfort, and caution) framework to capture key built environment factors. Metro stations were classified into commercial, residential, and office types via K-means clustering. Subsequently, the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model and the multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model were employed to identify significant factors and explore the spatial heterogeneity of these effects. Results reveal that factors influencing bike-sharing–metro integration vary by station type. While land-use mix and enclosure affect bike-sharing usage across all stations, employment and intersection density are only significant for commercial stations. Furthermore, these influences exhibit spatial heterogeneity. For instance, at office-oriented stations, population shows both positive and negative effects across areas, while residential density has a generally negative impact. These findings enhance our understanding of how the built environment shapes bike-sharing–metro integration patterns and support more targeted planning interventions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1291bike-sharingmetro station typesfeeder modebuilt environmentspatial heterogeneity
spellingShingle Yiting Li
Jingwei Li
Ziyue Yu
Siying Li
Aoyong Li
Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
Land
bike-sharing
metro station types
feeder mode
built environment
spatial heterogeneity
title Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
title_full Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
title_fullStr Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
title_short Exploring the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Bike-Sharing Usage as a Feeder Mode Across Different Metro Station Types in Shenzhen
title_sort exploring the relationship between the built environment and bike sharing usage as a feeder mode across different metro station types in shenzhen
topic bike-sharing
metro station types
feeder mode
built environment
spatial heterogeneity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/6/1291
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