Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors

Abstract We investigate the mechanical properties of the proton by extracting its flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors (GFFs) using Light-Cone QCD sum rules (LCSR). These form factors encode critical information about the internal dynamics and spatial distribution of energy, momentum, and in...

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Main Authors: Zeinab Dehghan, F. Almaksusi, K. Azizi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of High Energy Physics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)025
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author Zeinab Dehghan
F. Almaksusi
K. Azizi
author_facet Zeinab Dehghan
F. Almaksusi
K. Azizi
author_sort Zeinab Dehghan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract We investigate the mechanical properties of the proton by extracting its flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors (GFFs) using Light-Cone QCD sum rules (LCSR). These form factors encode critical information about the internal dynamics and spatial distribution of energy, momentum, and internal forces within the proton. The flavor decomposition of the quark sector indicates the role of each flavor in the proton’s pressure and shear force distributions. Our results show that the up quark contributes more significantly compared to the down quark in the three conserved proton GFFs, as well as in the energy and shear force distributions. Additionally, we define the non-conserved form factor c ¯ q t $$ {\overline{c}}^q(t) $$ , which takes part in the distributions of energy and pressure; the latter is essential for maintaining proton stability. Furthermore, we determine the proton’s mass and mechanical radii, providing valuable insight into its internal structure and dynamics.
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spelling doaj-art-0ed4dabe9e774d9ca1833eeaacc387792025-08-20T04:01:42ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-06-012025612910.1007/JHEP06(2025)025Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factorsZeinab Dehghan0F. Almaksusi1K. Azizi2Department of Physics, University of TehranDepartment of Physics, University of TehranDepartment of Physics, University of TehranAbstract We investigate the mechanical properties of the proton by extracting its flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors (GFFs) using Light-Cone QCD sum rules (LCSR). These form factors encode critical information about the internal dynamics and spatial distribution of energy, momentum, and internal forces within the proton. The flavor decomposition of the quark sector indicates the role of each flavor in the proton’s pressure and shear force distributions. Our results show that the up quark contributes more significantly compared to the down quark in the three conserved proton GFFs, as well as in the energy and shear force distributions. Additionally, we define the non-conserved form factor c ¯ q t $$ {\overline{c}}^q(t) $$ , which takes part in the distributions of energy and pressure; the latter is essential for maintaining proton stability. Furthermore, we determine the proton’s mass and mechanical radii, providing valuable insight into its internal structure and dynamics.https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)025Properties of HadronsSpecific QCD Phenomenology
spellingShingle Zeinab Dehghan
F. Almaksusi
K. Azizi
Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
Journal of High Energy Physics
Properties of Hadrons
Specific QCD Phenomenology
title Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
title_full Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
title_fullStr Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
title_full_unstemmed Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
title_short Mechanical properties of proton using flavor-decomposed gravitational form factors
title_sort mechanical properties of proton using flavor decomposed gravitational form factors
topic Properties of Hadrons
Specific QCD Phenomenology
url https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2025)025
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AT falmaksusi mechanicalpropertiesofprotonusingflavordecomposedgravitationalformfactors
AT kazizi mechanicalpropertiesofprotonusingflavordecomposedgravitationalformfactors