Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential

IntroductionEssential Oils (EOs) are a rich source of secondary metabolites that exhibit various biological activities.MethodsThis study includes GCMS analysis of Pinus roxburghii EO, computational investigation including drug likeness, ADMET properties, molecular docking, and in vitro evaluations f...

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Main Authors: Rubina Naz Qaisrani, Shah Iram Niaz, Raheela Bano, Hatem A. Abuelizz, Arooj Mohsin Alvi, Sadia Chaman, Qaiser Aziz, Muhammad Asif Wazir, Muhammad Akram, Saiqa Ishtiaq, Muhammad Ramzan, Adnan Amin
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Pharmacology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1554562/full
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author Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Shah Iram Niaz
Raheela Bano
Hatem A. Abuelizz
Arooj Mohsin Alvi
Sadia Chaman
Qaiser Aziz
Muhammad Asif Wazir
Muhammad Akram
Saiqa Ishtiaq
Muhammad Ramzan
Adnan Amin
Adnan Amin
author_facet Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Shah Iram Niaz
Raheela Bano
Hatem A. Abuelizz
Arooj Mohsin Alvi
Sadia Chaman
Qaiser Aziz
Muhammad Asif Wazir
Muhammad Akram
Saiqa Ishtiaq
Muhammad Ramzan
Adnan Amin
Adnan Amin
author_sort Rubina Naz Qaisrani
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionEssential Oils (EOs) are a rich source of secondary metabolites that exhibit various biological activities.MethodsThis study includes GCMS analysis of Pinus roxburghii EO, computational investigation including drug likeness, ADMET properties, molecular docking, and in vitro evaluations for possible antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti‐AGEs actions.ResultsGCMS analysis identified β‐pinene (30%) as major component, succeeded by caryophyllene (29.37%), o‐xylene (8.98%), aromadendrine (8.29%), and α‐himachalene (6.82%). Molecular docking showed significant interaction of transcription regulators 1JIJ with Caryophyllene oxide (ΔG ‐7.5 (kJ mol‐1), 3TOP with α‐himachalene (ΔG ‐6.8 (kJ mol‐1) and 4F5S with α‐himachalene (ΔG ‐7.7 (kJ mol‐1). The EO exhibited elevated phenolic content (26.3±0.45 mg/G GAE) and considerable antioxidant capacity in DPPH (14.2±0.62), H2O2 (73.3±1.7), and FRAP assays (312±14.6 μg). The antidiabetic assays demonstrated a notable inhibition of α‐glucosidase (IC50 0.12 mg/mL) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in both non‐oxidative (IC50 0.052 mg/mL) and oxidative modes (IC50 1.61 mg/mL). During mechanistic investigations it was observed that EO exerts a protective effect against β‐amyloid formation and significantly entraps carbonyl moieties.Conclusions It was observed that P. roxburghii EO has notable antidiabetic and anti-AGEs properties and these finding support a good potential for management of diabetes and allied co-morbidities. In future formulation design studies can be helpful for pharmaceutical industry to opt the formulation.
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spelling doaj-art-0ea1f26712a844668408f1b2cffcc6002025-08-20T03:53:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122025-04-011610.3389/fphar.2025.15545621554562Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potentialRubina Naz Qaisrani0Rubina Naz Qaisrani1Shah Iram Niaz2Raheela Bano3Hatem A. Abuelizz4Arooj Mohsin Alvi5Sadia Chaman6Qaiser Aziz7Muhammad Asif Wazir8Muhammad Akram9Saiqa Ishtiaq10Muhammad Ramzan11Adnan Amin12Adnan Amin13Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, PakistanNatural Products Research Lab (NPRL), Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, PakistanInstitute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, PakistanDepartment of Pathology, Gomal Medical College, Dera Ismail Khan, PakistanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Pharmacy, IBADAT International University, Islamabad, PakistanInstitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, PakistanFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, PakistanFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, The Islamiya University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR), Bahawalpur, Peshawar, Pakistan0Centre for Study of Human Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States1Faculty of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad, PakistanNatural Products Research Lab (NPRL), Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan2Department of Life Sciences, Yeungman University, Gyeongsan, South KoreaIntroductionEssential Oils (EOs) are a rich source of secondary metabolites that exhibit various biological activities.MethodsThis study includes GCMS analysis of Pinus roxburghii EO, computational investigation including drug likeness, ADMET properties, molecular docking, and in vitro evaluations for possible antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti‐AGEs actions.ResultsGCMS analysis identified β‐pinene (30%) as major component, succeeded by caryophyllene (29.37%), o‐xylene (8.98%), aromadendrine (8.29%), and α‐himachalene (6.82%). Molecular docking showed significant interaction of transcription regulators 1JIJ with Caryophyllene oxide (ΔG ‐7.5 (kJ mol‐1), 3TOP with α‐himachalene (ΔG ‐6.8 (kJ mol‐1) and 4F5S with α‐himachalene (ΔG ‐7.7 (kJ mol‐1). The EO exhibited elevated phenolic content (26.3±0.45 mg/G GAE) and considerable antioxidant capacity in DPPH (14.2±0.62), H2O2 (73.3±1.7), and FRAP assays (312±14.6 μg). The antidiabetic assays demonstrated a notable inhibition of α‐glucosidase (IC50 0.12 mg/mL) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in both non‐oxidative (IC50 0.052 mg/mL) and oxidative modes (IC50 1.61 mg/mL). During mechanistic investigations it was observed that EO exerts a protective effect against β‐amyloid formation and significantly entraps carbonyl moieties.Conclusions It was observed that P. roxburghii EO has notable antidiabetic and anti-AGEs properties and these finding support a good potential for management of diabetes and allied co-morbidities. In future formulation design studies can be helpful for pharmaceutical industry to opt the formulation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1554562/fulloxidative stressmonoterpenesα-glucosidaseAGEsβ-amyloid
spellingShingle Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Rubina Naz Qaisrani
Shah Iram Niaz
Raheela Bano
Hatem A. Abuelizz
Arooj Mohsin Alvi
Sadia Chaman
Qaiser Aziz
Muhammad Asif Wazir
Muhammad Akram
Saiqa Ishtiaq
Muhammad Ramzan
Adnan Amin
Adnan Amin
Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
Frontiers in Pharmacology
oxidative stress
monoterpenes
α-glucosidase
AGEs
β-amyloid
title Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
title_full Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
title_fullStr Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
title_full_unstemmed Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
title_short Integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of Pinus roxburghii essential oil: unveiling its antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation potential
title_sort integrative in silico and in vitro analysis of pinus roxburghii essential oil unveiling its antioxidant antidiabetic and antiglycation potential
topic oxidative stress
monoterpenes
α-glucosidase
AGEs
β-amyloid
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1554562/full
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