Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants

ObjectiveTo explore the potential association between the trait of being a worrier and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease (PD).BackgroundWhile extensive research has explored the link between PD and disorders such as depression and anxiety, limited research has been conducted on t...

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Main Authors: Rui Li, Yitong Ling, Ao Pan, Rui Cao, Jun Lyu, Wei Bi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1440199/full
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author Rui Li
Yitong Ling
Ao Pan
Rui Cao
Jun Lyu
Wei Bi
author_facet Rui Li
Yitong Ling
Ao Pan
Rui Cao
Jun Lyu
Wei Bi
author_sort Rui Li
collection DOAJ
description ObjectiveTo explore the potential association between the trait of being a worrier and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease (PD).BackgroundWhile extensive research has explored the link between PD and disorders such as depression and anxiety, limited research has been conducted on the association between worry and PD.MethodsThis prospective cohort study utilized data obtained from the UK Biobank, with baseline assessments conducted between 2006 and 2010 and follow-up until July 16, 2023. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the link between worrier trait and the development of PD. Adjustments were made for demographic factors, smoking, PD polygenetic risk scores, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, heart attack, and psychiatric history. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were additionally conducted to validate the reliability of the outcomes.ResultsOver a mean follow-up period of 13.5 years, 3123 participants (0.68%) out of 457,180 participants [median (IQR) age, 58.00 (50.00, 63.00) years; 54.3% female] developed PD. The incidence of PD was positively linked to worry (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Furthermore, worriers demonstrated a heightened risk of developing PD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.23–1.42]. Importantly, this link persisted even following adjustments for covariates (fully adjusted model HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18–1.37). Additionally, when cases within the initial 5 years of follow-up were excluded, the significance of the association persisted (HR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.18–1.38). In subgroup analyses categorized by age, early-onset PD (age < 60 years) showed a stronger association than late-onset PD (age ≥ 60 years; early-onset PD HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.86–2.03; late-onset PD HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05–1.22).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the worrier trait is consistently associated with a higher risk of developing PD, particularly among young individuals, highlighting the importance of mental wellness.
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spelling doaj-art-0e82b18e150740fda96df50dbb4a6a612025-08-20T02:49:56ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-03-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.14401991440199Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participantsRui Li0Yitong Ling1Ao Pan2Rui Cao3Jun Lyu4Wei Bi5Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, ChinaObjectiveTo explore the potential association between the trait of being a worrier and the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease (PD).BackgroundWhile extensive research has explored the link between PD and disorders such as depression and anxiety, limited research has been conducted on the association between worry and PD.MethodsThis prospective cohort study utilized data obtained from the UK Biobank, with baseline assessments conducted between 2006 and 2010 and follow-up until July 16, 2023. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the link between worrier trait and the development of PD. Adjustments were made for demographic factors, smoking, PD polygenetic risk scores, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, heart attack, and psychiatric history. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were additionally conducted to validate the reliability of the outcomes.ResultsOver a mean follow-up period of 13.5 years, 3123 participants (0.68%) out of 457,180 participants [median (IQR) age, 58.00 (50.00, 63.00) years; 54.3% female] developed PD. The incidence of PD was positively linked to worry (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Furthermore, worriers demonstrated a heightened risk of developing PD [hazard ratio (HR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.23–1.42]. Importantly, this link persisted even following adjustments for covariates (fully adjusted model HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.18–1.37). Additionally, when cases within the initial 5 years of follow-up were excluded, the significance of the association persisted (HR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.18–1.38). In subgroup analyses categorized by age, early-onset PD (age < 60 years) showed a stronger association than late-onset PD (age ≥ 60 years; early-onset PD HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.86–2.03; late-onset PD HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05–1.22).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the worrier trait is consistently associated with a higher risk of developing PD, particularly among young individuals, highlighting the importance of mental wellness.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1440199/fullworryworrier traitmental healthParkinson's diseasecohort study
spellingShingle Rui Li
Yitong Ling
Ao Pan
Rui Cao
Jun Lyu
Wei Bi
Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
Frontiers in Psychology
worry
worrier trait
mental health
Parkinson's disease
cohort study
title Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
title_full Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
title_fullStr Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
title_full_unstemmed Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
title_short Association of worrier trait with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study based on 457,180 UK Biobank participants
title_sort association of worrier trait with the risk of parkinson s disease a longitudinal study based on 457 180 uk biobank participants
topic worry
worrier trait
mental health
Parkinson's disease
cohort study
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1440199/full
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