Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of disease attributable to high-sodium diets from 1990 to 2021.MethodsData on the global high-sodium diet-related disease burden were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD2021). A Bayesian age-period-cohort...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1617644/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850092802203975680 |
|---|---|
| author | Yanwu Nie Naibo Wang Naibo Wang Mingzhu Huang Yuanzhi Li Yuanan Lu Yuanan Lu Hui Li Lei Wu |
| author_facet | Yanwu Nie Naibo Wang Naibo Wang Mingzhu Huang Yuanzhi Li Yuanan Lu Yuanan Lu Hui Li Lei Wu |
| author_sort | Yanwu Nie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of disease attributable to high-sodium diets from 1990 to 2021.MethodsData on the global high-sodium diet-related disease burden were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD2021). A Bayesian age-period-cohort model (BAPC) was used to project trends from 2022 to 2040.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, both the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASYR) attributable to high-sodium diets declined. The burden varied across Social Development Index (SDI) levels, regions, and countries, with Central Europe, East Asia, and Southeast Asia experiencing the highest burden. At the national level across 204 countries, the Republic of Bulgaria recorded the highest ASDR and ASYR, while the Islamic Republic of Pakistan experienced the most rapid increases in both ASDR and ASYR. Additionally, the ASDR and ASYR increased with age and were consistently higher in men than in women. The GBD2021 reported 8 diseases attributed to high-sodium diets, arranged in descending order of disease burden as follows: stroke, Ischemic heart disease, Hypertensive heart disease, Stomach cancer, Chronic kidney disease, Atrial fibrillation and flutter, Aortic aneurysm, Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. The BAPC prediction results showed that the ASDR and ASYR of high-sodium diets would decrease by 23.28 and 19.46%, respectively, from 2022 to 2040.ConclusionsThe global disease burden due to high-sodium diets has decreased over the past three decades, though disparities remain. Targeted investigations are urgently needed, particularly in high-burden regions, to further reduce the health impacts of excessive sodium intake. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0daf07d8dd3644e6933fc0b8789f2616 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj-art-0daf07d8dd3644e6933fc0b8789f26162025-08-20T02:42:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2025-07-011210.3389/fnut.2025.16176441617644Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 dataYanwu Nie0Naibo Wang1Naibo Wang2Mingzhu Huang3Yuanzhi Li4Yuanan Lu5Yuanan Lu6Hui Li7Lei Wu8School of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaJiangxi Provincial Center for Patriotic Health and Health Promotion, Nanchang, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaOffice of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United StatesJiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, ChinaObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the global, regional, and national burden of disease attributable to high-sodium diets from 1990 to 2021.MethodsData on the global high-sodium diet-related disease burden were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD2021). A Bayesian age-period-cohort model (BAPC) was used to project trends from 2022 to 2040.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, both the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASYR) attributable to high-sodium diets declined. The burden varied across Social Development Index (SDI) levels, regions, and countries, with Central Europe, East Asia, and Southeast Asia experiencing the highest burden. At the national level across 204 countries, the Republic of Bulgaria recorded the highest ASDR and ASYR, while the Islamic Republic of Pakistan experienced the most rapid increases in both ASDR and ASYR. Additionally, the ASDR and ASYR increased with age and were consistently higher in men than in women. The GBD2021 reported 8 diseases attributed to high-sodium diets, arranged in descending order of disease burden as follows: stroke, Ischemic heart disease, Hypertensive heart disease, Stomach cancer, Chronic kidney disease, Atrial fibrillation and flutter, Aortic aneurysm, Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease. The BAPC prediction results showed that the ASDR and ASYR of high-sodium diets would decrease by 23.28 and 19.46%, respectively, from 2022 to 2040.ConclusionsThe global disease burden due to high-sodium diets has decreased over the past three decades, though disparities remain. Targeted investigations are urgently needed, particularly in high-burden regions, to further reduce the health impacts of excessive sodium intake.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1617644/fullGBD2021high sodium intakeglobal trendcardiovascular diseasesglobal burden |
| spellingShingle | Yanwu Nie Naibo Wang Naibo Wang Mingzhu Huang Yuanzhi Li Yuanan Lu Yuanan Lu Hui Li Lei Wu Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data Frontiers in Nutrition GBD2021 high sodium intake global trend cardiovascular diseases global burden |
| title | Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data |
| title_full | Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data |
| title_fullStr | Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data |
| title_short | Global burden of disease from high-sodium diets, 1990–2021: analysis of GBD 2021 data |
| title_sort | global burden of disease from high sodium diets 1990 2021 analysis of gbd 2021 data |
| topic | GBD2021 high sodium intake global trend cardiovascular diseases global burden |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1617644/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yanwunie globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT naibowang globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT naibowang globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT mingzhuhuang globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT yuanzhili globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT yuananlu globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT yuananlu globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT huili globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data AT leiwu globalburdenofdiseasefromhighsodiumdiets19902021analysisofgbd2021data |