exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission
The exoALMA Large Program targeted a sample of 15 disks to study gas dynamics within these systems, and these observations simultaneously produced continuum data at 0.9 mm (331.6 GHz) with exceptional surface brightness sensitivity at high angular resolution. To provide a robust characterization of...
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| author | Pietro Curone Stefano Facchini Sean M. Andrews Leonardo Testi Myriam Benisty Ian Czekala Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrea Isella Giuseppe Lodato Ryan A. Loomis Jochen Stadler Andrew J. Winter Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Gianni Cataldi Nicolás Cuello Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Francois Menard Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Richard Teague Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_facet | Pietro Curone Stefano Facchini Sean M. Andrews Leonardo Testi Myriam Benisty Ian Czekala Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrea Isella Giuseppe Lodato Ryan A. Loomis Jochen Stadler Andrew J. Winter Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Gianni Cataldi Nicolás Cuello Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Francois Menard Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Richard Teague Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki |
| author_sort | Pietro Curone |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The exoALMA Large Program targeted a sample of 15 disks to study gas dynamics within these systems, and these observations simultaneously produced continuum data at 0.9 mm (331.6 GHz) with exceptional surface brightness sensitivity at high angular resolution. To provide a robust characterization of the observed substructures, we performed a visibility space analysis of the continuum emission from the exoALMA data, characterizing axisymmetric substructures and nonaxisymmetric residuals obtained by subtracting an axisymmetric model from the observed data. We defined a nonaxisymmetry index and found that the most asymmetric disks predominantly show an inner cavity and consistently present higher values of mass accretion rate and near-infrared excess. This suggests a connection between outer disk dust substructures and inner disk properties. The depth of the data allowed us to describe the azimuthally averaged continuum emission in the outer disk, revealing that larger disks (both in dust and gas) in our sample tend to be gradually tapered compared to the sharper outer edge of more compact sources. Additionally, the data quality revealed peculiar features in various sources, such as shadows, inner disk offsets, tentative external substructures, and a possible dust cavity wall. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0dac57da30d44e68aeacc2209b1ccea1 |
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| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0dac57da30d44e68aeacc2209b1ccea12025-08-20T02:19:40ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052025-01-019841L910.3847/2041-8213/adc438exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum EmissionPietro Curone0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-2154Stefano Facchini1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-2684Sean M. Andrews2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-2270Leonardo Testi3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1859-3070Myriam Benisty4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-7605Ian Czekala5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-8811Jane Huang6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-6072John D. Ilee7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-1142Andrea Isella8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8061-2207Giuseppe Lodato9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2357-7692Ryan A. Loomis10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8932-1219Jochen Stadler11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-143XAndrew J. Winter12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-9801Jaehan Bae13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-770XMarcelo Barraza-Alfaro14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-7873Gianni Cataldi15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-9676Nicolás Cuello16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3713-8073Daniele Fasano17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-4072Mario Flock18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-3029Misato Fukagawa19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-9213Maria Galloway-Sprietsma20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-5476Himanshi Garg21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-4598Cassandra Hall22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-0425Andrés F. Izquierdo23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8446-3026Kazuhiro Kanagawa24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-2417Geoffroy Lesur25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-9435Cristiano Longarini26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4663-0318Francois Menard27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-7393Ryuta Orihara28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-8933Christophe Pinte29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5907-5179Daniel J. Price30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4716-4235Giovanni Rosotti31https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-5736Richard Teague32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-5186Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3468-9577David J. Wilner34https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1526-7587Lisa Wölfer35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-2416Hsi-Wei Yen36https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-893XTomohiro C. Yoshida37https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-8473Brianna Zawadzki38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9319-1296Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy ; pcurone@das.uchile.cl; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile , Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, ChileDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy ; pcurone@das.uchile.clCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna , I-40190 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanySchool of Physics & Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UKDepartment of Astronomy, Columbia University , 538 W. 120th St., Pupin Hall, New York, NY 10027, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Space Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USADipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy ; pcurone@das.uchile.clNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USANational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceUniversité Côte d’Azur , Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, FranceMax-Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , VIC 3800, AustraliaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Center for Simulational Physics, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USA; Institute for Artificial Intelligence, The University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyCollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy ; pcurone@das.uchile.cl; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Rd., CB30HA, Cambridge, UKUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceCollege of Science, Ibaraki University , 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, JapanUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France; School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , VIC 3800, AustraliaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , VIC 3800, AustraliaDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy ; pcurone@das.uchile.clDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAUniv. Grenoble Alpes , CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, FranceCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAAcademia Sinica Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics , 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106216, TaiwanNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astronomy, Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University , 96 Foss Hill Dr., Middletown, CT 06459, USA; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAThe exoALMA Large Program targeted a sample of 15 disks to study gas dynamics within these systems, and these observations simultaneously produced continuum data at 0.9 mm (331.6 GHz) with exceptional surface brightness sensitivity at high angular resolution. To provide a robust characterization of the observed substructures, we performed a visibility space analysis of the continuum emission from the exoALMA data, characterizing axisymmetric substructures and nonaxisymmetric residuals obtained by subtracting an axisymmetric model from the observed data. We defined a nonaxisymmetry index and found that the most asymmetric disks predominantly show an inner cavity and consistently present higher values of mass accretion rate and near-infrared excess. This suggests a connection between outer disk dust substructures and inner disk properties. The depth of the data allowed us to describe the azimuthally averaged continuum emission in the outer disk, revealing that larger disks (both in dust and gas) in our sample tend to be gradually tapered compared to the sharper outer edge of more compact sources. Additionally, the data quality revealed peculiar features in various sources, such as shadows, inner disk offsets, tentative external substructures, and a possible dust cavity wall.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc438Protoplanetary disksDust continuum emissionPlanet formationRadio interferometry |
| spellingShingle | Pietro Curone Stefano Facchini Sean M. Andrews Leonardo Testi Myriam Benisty Ian Czekala Jane Huang John D. Ilee Andrea Isella Giuseppe Lodato Ryan A. Loomis Jochen Stadler Andrew J. Winter Jaehan Bae Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro Gianni Cataldi Nicolás Cuello Daniele Fasano Mario Flock Misato Fukagawa Maria Galloway-Sprietsma Himanshi Garg Cassandra Hall Andrés F. Izquierdo Kazuhiro Kanagawa Geoffroy Lesur Cristiano Longarini Francois Menard Ryuta Orihara Christophe Pinte Daniel J. Price Giovanni Rosotti Richard Teague Gaylor Wafflard-Fernandez David J. Wilner Lisa Wölfer Hsi-Wei Yen Tomohiro C. Yoshida Brianna Zawadzki exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission The Astrophysical Journal Letters Protoplanetary disks Dust continuum emission Planet formation Radio interferometry |
| title | exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission |
| title_full | exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission |
| title_fullStr | exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission |
| title_full_unstemmed | exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission |
| title_short | exoALMA. IV. Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission |
| title_sort | exoalma iv substructures asymmetries and the faint outer disk in continuum emission |
| topic | Protoplanetary disks Dust continuum emission Planet formation Radio interferometry |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc438 |
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