Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil
Monitoring the height of secondary forest regrowth is essential for assessing ecosystem recovery, but current methods rely on field surveys, airborne or UAV LiDAR, and 3D reconstruction from high-resolution UAV imagery, which are often costly or limited by logistical constraints. Here, we address th...
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MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/15/2718 |
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| author | Fabien H. Wagner Fábio Marcelo Breunig Rafaelo Balbinot Emanuel Araújo Silva Messias Carneiro Soares Marco Antonio Kramm Mayumi C. M. Hirye Griffin Carter Ricardo Dalagnol Stephen C. Hagen Sassan Saatchi |
| author_facet | Fabien H. Wagner Fábio Marcelo Breunig Rafaelo Balbinot Emanuel Araújo Silva Messias Carneiro Soares Marco Antonio Kramm Mayumi C. M. Hirye Griffin Carter Ricardo Dalagnol Stephen C. Hagen Sassan Saatchi |
| author_sort | Fabien H. Wagner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monitoring the height of secondary forest regrowth is essential for assessing ecosystem recovery, but current methods rely on field surveys, airborne or UAV LiDAR, and 3D reconstruction from high-resolution UAV imagery, which are often costly or limited by logistical constraints. Here, we address the challenge of scaling up canopy height monitoring by evaluating a recent deep learning model, trained on data from the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, developed to extract canopy height from RGB-NIR Planet NICFI imagery. The research questions are as follows: (i) How are canopy height estimates from the model affected by slope and orientation in natural forests, based on a large and well-balanced experimental design? (ii) How effectively does the model capture the growth trajectories of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations over an eight-year period following planting? We find that the model closely tracks <i>Pinus</i> growth at the parcel scale, with predictions generally within one standard deviation of UAV-derived heights. For <i>Eucalyptus</i>, while growth is detected, the model consistently underestimates height, by more than 10 m in some cases, until late in the cycle when the canopy becomes less dense. In stable natural forests, the model reveals seasonal artifacts driven by topographic variables (slope × aspect × day of year), for which we propose strategies to reduce their influence. These results highlight the model’s potential as a cost-effective and scalable alternative to field-based and LiDAR methods, enabling broad-scale monitoring of forest regrowth and contributing to innovation in remote sensing for forest dynamics assessment. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0d5a18bd884a42f2b37f8138ba1a4e83 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-0d5a18bd884a42f2b37f8138ba1a4e832025-08-20T03:02:51ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-08-011715271810.3390/rs17152718Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, BrazilFabien H. Wagner0Fábio Marcelo Breunig1Rafaelo Balbinot2Emanuel Araújo Silva3Messias Carneiro Soares4Marco Antonio Kramm5Mayumi C. M. Hirye6Griffin Carter7Ricardo Dalagnol8Stephen C. Hagen9Sassan Saatchi10CTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USADepartment of Forestry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM FW), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Forestry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM FW), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Forestry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM FW), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Forestry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM FW), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilDepartment of Forestry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM FW), Frederico Westphalen 98400-000, RS, BrazilCTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USACTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USACTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USACTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USACTrees, Pasadena, CA 91105, USAMonitoring the height of secondary forest regrowth is essential for assessing ecosystem recovery, but current methods rely on field surveys, airborne or UAV LiDAR, and 3D reconstruction from high-resolution UAV imagery, which are often costly or limited by logistical constraints. Here, we address the challenge of scaling up canopy height monitoring by evaluating a recent deep learning model, trained on data from the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, developed to extract canopy height from RGB-NIR Planet NICFI imagery. The research questions are as follows: (i) How are canopy height estimates from the model affected by slope and orientation in natural forests, based on a large and well-balanced experimental design? (ii) How effectively does the model capture the growth trajectories of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations over an eight-year period following planting? We find that the model closely tracks <i>Pinus</i> growth at the parcel scale, with predictions generally within one standard deviation of UAV-derived heights. For <i>Eucalyptus</i>, while growth is detected, the model consistently underestimates height, by more than 10 m in some cases, until late in the cycle when the canopy becomes less dense. In stable natural forests, the model reveals seasonal artifacts driven by topographic variables (slope × aspect × day of year), for which we propose strategies to reduce their influence. These results highlight the model’s potential as a cost-effective and scalable alternative to field-based and LiDAR methods, enabling broad-scale monitoring of forest regrowth and contributing to innovation in remote sensing for forest dynamics assessment.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/15/2718LiDARUAVcanopy height modelsdeep learningtime serieshigh-resolution satellite images |
| spellingShingle | Fabien H. Wagner Fábio Marcelo Breunig Rafaelo Balbinot Emanuel Araújo Silva Messias Carneiro Soares Marco Antonio Kramm Mayumi C. M. Hirye Griffin Carter Ricardo Dalagnol Stephen C. Hagen Sassan Saatchi Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil Remote Sensing LiDAR UAV canopy height models deep learning time series high-resolution satellite images |
| title | Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil |
| title_full | Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil |
| title_short | Monitoring the Early Growth of <i>Pinus</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> Plantations Using a Planet NICFI-Based Canopy Height Model: A Case Study in Riqueza, Brazil |
| title_sort | monitoring the early growth of i pinus i and i eucalyptus i plantations using a planet nicfi based canopy height model a case study in riqueza brazil |
| topic | LiDAR UAV canopy height models deep learning time series high-resolution satellite images |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/15/2718 |
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