A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study
The development of energy storage systems is significant for solving problems related to climate change. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS), combining batteries with ultracapacitors, may be a feasible way to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles and renewable energy applications. However, m...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Adrian Chmielewski Piotr Piórkowski Krzysztof Bogdziński Paweł Krawczyk Jakub Lorencki Artur Kopczyński Jakub Możaryn Ramon Costa-Castelló Stepan Ozana |
| author_facet | Adrian Chmielewski Piotr Piórkowski Krzysztof Bogdziński Paweł Krawczyk Jakub Lorencki Artur Kopczyński Jakub Możaryn Ramon Costa-Castelló Stepan Ozana |
| author_sort | Adrian Chmielewski |
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| description | The development of energy storage systems is significant for solving problems related to climate change. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS), combining batteries with ultracapacitors, may be a feasible way to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles and renewable energy applications. However, most existing research requires comprehensive modelling of HESS components under different operating conditions, hindering optimisation and real-world application. This study proposes a novel approach to analysing the set of differential equations of a substitute model of HESS and validates a model-based approach to investigate the performance of an HESS composed of a Valve-Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) battery and a Maxwell ultracapacitor in a parallel configuration. Consequently, the set of differential equations describing the HESS dynamics is provided. The dynamics of this system are modelled with a double resistive–capacitive (2-RC) scheme using data from Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation (HPPC) and pseudo-random cycles. Parameters are identified using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model’s accuracy is analysed, estimated and verified using Mean Square Errors (MSEs) and Normalised Root Mean Square Errors (NRMSEs) in the range of a State of Charge (SoC) from 0.1 to 0.9. Limitations of the proposed models are also discussed. Finally, the main advantages of HESSs are highlighted in terms of energy and open-circuit voltage (OCV) characteristics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0d3dc9b686b44d11ab4eb71b498dbf5f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-0d3dc9b686b44d11ab4eb71b498dbf5f2025-01-24T13:30:47ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-01-0118225110.3390/en18020251A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration StudyAdrian Chmielewski0Piotr Piórkowski1Krzysztof Bogdziński2Paweł Krawczyk3Jakub Lorencki4Artur Kopczyński5Jakub Możaryn6Ramon Costa-Castelló7Stepan Ozana8Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84 Str., 02-524 Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Warsaw University of Technology, Sw. A. Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, PolandETSEIB, ESAII, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, SpainFaculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech RepublicThe development of energy storage systems is significant for solving problems related to climate change. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS), combining batteries with ultracapacitors, may be a feasible way to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles and renewable energy applications. However, most existing research requires comprehensive modelling of HESS components under different operating conditions, hindering optimisation and real-world application. This study proposes a novel approach to analysing the set of differential equations of a substitute model of HESS and validates a model-based approach to investigate the performance of an HESS composed of a Valve-Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) battery and a Maxwell ultracapacitor in a parallel configuration. Consequently, the set of differential equations describing the HESS dynamics is provided. The dynamics of this system are modelled with a double resistive–capacitive (2-RC) scheme using data from Hybrid Pulse Power Characterisation (HPPC) and pseudo-random cycles. Parameters are identified using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The model’s accuracy is analysed, estimated and verified using Mean Square Errors (MSEs) and Normalised Root Mean Square Errors (NRMSEs) in the range of a State of Charge (SoC) from 0.1 to 0.9. Limitations of the proposed models are also discussed. Finally, the main advantages of HESSs are highlighted in terms of energy and open-circuit voltage (OCV) characteristics.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/251hybrid energy storage systemresistive–capacitive modelpulse power testingparameter optimisationLevenberg–Marquardt algorithm |
| spellingShingle | Adrian Chmielewski Piotr Piórkowski Krzysztof Bogdziński Paweł Krawczyk Jakub Lorencki Artur Kopczyński Jakub Możaryn Ramon Costa-Castelló Stepan Ozana A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study Energies hybrid energy storage system resistive–capacitive model pulse power testing parameter optimisation Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm |
| title | A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study |
| title_full | A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study |
| title_fullStr | A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study |
| title_short | A Double Resistive–Capacitive Approach for the Analysis of a Hybrid Battery–Ultracapacitor Integration Study |
| title_sort | double resistive capacitive approach for the analysis of a hybrid battery ultracapacitor integration study |
| topic | hybrid energy storage system resistive–capacitive model pulse power testing parameter optimisation Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/251 |
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