Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution

Abstract [Objective] To assess the bioremediation potential of garbage enzymes in heavy metal-contaminated lead-zinc mine soils. [Method] A pot experiment evaluated garbage enzymes application effects on: (1) Pb/Zn/Cd bioavailability and phytoavailability, (2) soil fertility parameters, (3) soil enz...

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Main Authors: Guangxu Zhu, Xingfeng Wang, Rongkun Chen, Yunyan Wang, Qiang Tu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96403-x
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author Guangxu Zhu
Xingfeng Wang
Rongkun Chen
Yunyan Wang
Qiang Tu
author_facet Guangxu Zhu
Xingfeng Wang
Rongkun Chen
Yunyan Wang
Qiang Tu
author_sort Guangxu Zhu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract [Objective] To assess the bioremediation potential of garbage enzymes in heavy metal-contaminated lead-zinc mine soils. [Method] A pot experiment evaluated garbage enzymes application effects on: (1) Pb/Zn/Cd bioavailability and phytoavailability, (2) soil fertility parameters, (3) soil enzyme activities, and (4) physiological responses of Chinese cabbage. [Results] Garbage enzymes significantly reduced heavy metal bioavailability, decreasing leaf Pb/Zn/Cd concentrations by 66.8%/17.6%/37.4% and root levels by 34.3%/23.4%/46.8% versus controls. Soil fertility improved substantially, with available N/P/K increments of 2.43–31.2%, 1.86–45.5%, and 3.40–22.3%, respectively. Key soil enzymes (urease, sucrase, catalase, phosphatase) exhibited enhanced activities. Garbage enzymes treated plants showed increased biomass (fresh weight), chlorophyll (21.8%), and soluble sugars, alongside reduced stress markers: nitrate-N (-24.3%), malondialdehyde (-33.6%), proline (-18.9%), and superoxide dismutase (-42.1%). [Conclusions] Garbage enzymes demonstrate dual functionality in metal immobilization and soil revitalization, offering an eco-sustainable solution for restoring agricultural productivity in contaminated ecosystems.
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spelling doaj-art-0d3a41b1af804d55b4b3c08ec2bb76402025-08-20T02:28:03ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111010.1038/s41598-025-96403-xApplication and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollutionGuangxu Zhu0Xingfeng Wang1Rongkun Chen2Yunyan Wang3Qiang Tu4College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Guiyang UniversityCollege of Biology and Environment Engineering, Guiyang UniversityCollege of Biology and Environment Engineering, Guiyang UniversityCollege of Biology and Environment Engineering, Guiyang UniversityHelmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University–Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong UniversityAbstract [Objective] To assess the bioremediation potential of garbage enzymes in heavy metal-contaminated lead-zinc mine soils. [Method] A pot experiment evaluated garbage enzymes application effects on: (1) Pb/Zn/Cd bioavailability and phytoavailability, (2) soil fertility parameters, (3) soil enzyme activities, and (4) physiological responses of Chinese cabbage. [Results] Garbage enzymes significantly reduced heavy metal bioavailability, decreasing leaf Pb/Zn/Cd concentrations by 66.8%/17.6%/37.4% and root levels by 34.3%/23.4%/46.8% versus controls. Soil fertility improved substantially, with available N/P/K increments of 2.43–31.2%, 1.86–45.5%, and 3.40–22.3%, respectively. Key soil enzymes (urease, sucrase, catalase, phosphatase) exhibited enhanced activities. Garbage enzymes treated plants showed increased biomass (fresh weight), chlorophyll (21.8%), and soluble sugars, alongside reduced stress markers: nitrate-N (-24.3%), malondialdehyde (-33.6%), proline (-18.9%), and superoxide dismutase (-42.1%). [Conclusions] Garbage enzymes demonstrate dual functionality in metal immobilization and soil revitalization, offering an eco-sustainable solution for restoring agricultural productivity in contaminated ecosystems.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96403-xHeavy metalSoil fertilitySoil enzyme activityRemediationGarbage enzymes
spellingShingle Guangxu Zhu
Xingfeng Wang
Rongkun Chen
Yunyan Wang
Qiang Tu
Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
Scientific Reports
Heavy metal
Soil fertility
Soil enzyme activity
Remediation
Garbage enzymes
title Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
title_full Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
title_fullStr Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
title_full_unstemmed Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
title_short Application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
title_sort application and exploration of garbage enzymes in soil remediation of multiple heavy metal pollution
topic Heavy metal
Soil fertility
Soil enzyme activity
Remediation
Garbage enzymes
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96403-x
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AT xingfengwang applicationandexplorationofgarbageenzymesinsoilremediationofmultipleheavymetalpollution
AT rongkunchen applicationandexplorationofgarbageenzymesinsoilremediationofmultipleheavymetalpollution
AT yunyanwang applicationandexplorationofgarbageenzymesinsoilremediationofmultipleheavymetalpollution
AT qiangtu applicationandexplorationofgarbageenzymesinsoilremediationofmultipleheavymetalpollution