Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the complex interplay of immune cells and cytokines within the TME, which contribute to immune evasion and t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1590781/full |
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| author | Dongxin Jiang Yunqian Li |
| author_facet | Dongxin Jiang Yunqian Li |
| author_sort | Dongxin Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the complex interplay of immune cells and cytokines within the TME, which contribute to immune evasion and tumor progression. We further emphasize the synergistic crosstalk among these components and how it shapes therapeutic vulnerability. Besides, we highlight recent advancements in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, NK cell therapy, oncolytic viruses, and vaccine-based strategies. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, overcoming the immunosuppressive TME remains a critical hurdle. This review underscores the potential of targeting the TME to enhance therapeutic outcomes in glioblastoma. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0cdea6defc4c4d0fa904ad2570cb3bce |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj-art-0cdea6defc4c4d0fa904ad2570cb3bce2025-08-20T03:49:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242025-05-011610.3389/fimmu.2025.15907811590781Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatmentDongxin JiangYunqian LiGlioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, remains a significant challenge in oncology due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the complex interplay of immune cells and cytokines within the TME, which contribute to immune evasion and tumor progression. We further emphasize the synergistic crosstalk among these components and how it shapes therapeutic vulnerability. Besides, we highlight recent advancements in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, NK cell therapy, oncolytic viruses, and vaccine-based strategies. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, overcoming the immunosuppressive TME remains a critical hurdle. This review underscores the potential of targeting the TME to enhance therapeutic outcomes in glioblastoma.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1590781/fullglioblastomaimmune microenvironmentcytokinesimmunotherapyimmune checkpoint inhibitortumor vaccine |
| spellingShingle | Dongxin Jiang Yunqian Li Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment Frontiers in Immunology glioblastoma immune microenvironment cytokines immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitor tumor vaccine |
| title | Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| title_full | Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| title_short | Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| title_sort | unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment |
| topic | glioblastoma immune microenvironment cytokines immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitor tumor vaccine |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1590781/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dongxinjiang unravelingtheimmunosuppressivemicroenvironmentofglioblastomaandadvancementsintreatment AT yunqianli unravelingtheimmunosuppressivemicroenvironmentofglioblastomaandadvancementsintreatment |