Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles
This work presents a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive control, optimized for solar photovoltaic (PV)- and battery-fed light electric vehicles (LEVs). A back-electromotive force (EMF) observer integrated with an enhanced quadrature-phase-locked-loop (QPLL) structure is proposed for accurat...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/574 |
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| author | Biswajit Saha Aryadip Sen Bhim Singh Kumar Mahtani José A. Sánchez-Fernández |
| author_facet | Biswajit Saha Aryadip Sen Bhim Singh Kumar Mahtani José A. Sánchez-Fernández |
| author_sort | Biswajit Saha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work presents a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive control, optimized for solar photovoltaic (PV)- and battery-fed light electric vehicles (LEVs). A back-electromotive force (EMF) observer integrated with an enhanced quadrature-phase-locked-loop (QPLL) structure is proposed for accurate rotor position estimation, addressing limitations of existing control methods at low speeds and under dynamic conditions. The study replaces the conventional arc-tangent technique with a QPLL-based approach, eliminating low-pass filters to enhance system adaptability and reduce delays. The experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in commutation error, with a nearly flat value at 0 degrees during steady-state and less than 8 degrees under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the performance of a modified single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar-powered LEVs is verified, minimizing current ripple and ensuring smooth motor operation. The system also incorporates a regenerative braking mechanism, extending the vehicle’s range by efficiently recovering kinetic energy through the battery with 30.60% efficiency. The improved performance of the proposed method and system over conventional approaches contributes to the advancement of efficient and sustainable solar-powered BLDC motor-based EV technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0cc2d3db25f440bd82300aad2f30b994 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-0cc2d3db25f440bd82300aad2f30b9942025-01-24T13:19:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-01-0115257410.3390/app15020574Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric VehiclesBiswajit Saha0Aryadip Sen1Bhim Singh2Kumar Mahtani3José A. Sánchez-Fernández4Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, IndiaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, IndiaDepartment of Automation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Industrial Informatics, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Hydraulic, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainThis work presents a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive control, optimized for solar photovoltaic (PV)- and battery-fed light electric vehicles (LEVs). A back-electromotive force (EMF) observer integrated with an enhanced quadrature-phase-locked-loop (QPLL) structure is proposed for accurate rotor position estimation, addressing limitations of existing control methods at low speeds and under dynamic conditions. The study replaces the conventional arc-tangent technique with a QPLL-based approach, eliminating low-pass filters to enhance system adaptability and reduce delays. The experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in commutation error, with a nearly flat value at 0 degrees during steady-state and less than 8 degrees under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the performance of a modified single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar-powered LEVs is verified, minimizing current ripple and ensuring smooth motor operation. The system also incorporates a regenerative braking mechanism, extending the vehicle’s range by efficiently recovering kinetic energy through the battery with 30.60% efficiency. The improved performance of the proposed method and system over conventional approaches contributes to the advancement of efficient and sustainable solar-powered BLDC motor-based EV technologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/574back-EMF observerelectric vehicleencoderless BLDC motor driveenergy regenerationQPLLSEPIC |
| spellingShingle | Biswajit Saha Aryadip Sen Bhim Singh Kumar Mahtani José A. Sánchez-Fernández Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles Applied Sciences back-EMF observer electric vehicle encoderless BLDC motor drive energy regeneration QPLL SEPIC |
| title | Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles |
| title_full | Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles |
| title_short | Quadrature-Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Back-Electromotive Force Observer for Sensorless Brushless DC Motor Drive Control in Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles |
| title_sort | quadrature phase locked loop based back electromotive force observer for sensorless brushless dc motor drive control in solar powered electric vehicles |
| topic | back-EMF observer electric vehicle encoderless BLDC motor drive energy regeneration QPLL SEPIC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/2/574 |
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