Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents

The economic literature documents that the investment rate in intangible assets, including intellectual property (IP), has far outpaced that of tangible assets for several decades. In this context, our research delves into the impact of self-created intangible assets on the auditor’s risk assessment...

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Main Authors: Daqun Zhang, Donald R. Deis, Hsiao-Tang Hsu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:International Journal of Financial Studies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/13/1/42
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author Daqun Zhang
Donald R. Deis
Hsiao-Tang Hsu
author_facet Daqun Zhang
Donald R. Deis
Hsiao-Tang Hsu
author_sort Daqun Zhang
collection DOAJ
description The economic literature documents that the investment rate in intangible assets, including intellectual property (IP), has far outpaced that of tangible assets for several decades. In this context, our research delves into the impact of self-created intangible assets on the auditor’s risk assessment. We present compelling evidence that, on average, research and development (R&D) knowledge capital is associated with higher audit fees. Using patent-based metrics as the proxies for innovation outcomes, we reveal that the number of patents (quantity), patent citations (quality-adjusted quantity), and patent technology classes (scope) all positively correlate with audit fees. Additional analyses show that innovation efficiency is negatively associated with audit fees. Furthermore, firms with a higher intensity of knowledge capital are more likely to receive going concern opinions than those with significant innovation outcomes. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between intangible assets and audit risk assessment.
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spelling doaj-art-0c92113e79564ccc9633cc1f8a5b39142025-08-20T02:42:31ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Financial Studies2227-70722025-03-011314210.3390/ijfs13010042Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and PatentsDaqun Zhang0Donald R. Deis1Hsiao-Tang Hsu2Department of Accounting, Finance, & Business Law, College of Business, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5808, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USADepartment of Accounting, Finance, & Business Law, College of Business, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5808, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USADepartment of Accounting, Finance, & Business Law, College of Business, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5808, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USAThe economic literature documents that the investment rate in intangible assets, including intellectual property (IP), has far outpaced that of tangible assets for several decades. In this context, our research delves into the impact of self-created intangible assets on the auditor’s risk assessment. We present compelling evidence that, on average, research and development (R&D) knowledge capital is associated with higher audit fees. Using patent-based metrics as the proxies for innovation outcomes, we reveal that the number of patents (quantity), patent citations (quality-adjusted quantity), and patent technology classes (scope) all positively correlate with audit fees. Additional analyses show that innovation efficiency is negatively associated with audit fees. Furthermore, firms with a higher intensity of knowledge capital are more likely to receive going concern opinions than those with significant innovation outcomes. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between intangible assets and audit risk assessment.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/13/1/42innovationknowledge capitalintangiblespatentsaudit riskaudit fees
spellingShingle Daqun Zhang
Donald R. Deis
Hsiao-Tang Hsu
Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
International Journal of Financial Studies
innovation
knowledge capital
intangibles
patents
audit risk
audit fees
title Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
title_full Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
title_fullStr Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
title_full_unstemmed Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
title_short Pricing the Audit Risk of Innovation: Intangibles and Patents
title_sort pricing the audit risk of innovation intangibles and patents
topic innovation
knowledge capital
intangibles
patents
audit risk
audit fees
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7072/13/1/42
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AT donaldrdeis pricingtheauditriskofinnovationintangiblesandpatents
AT hsiaotanghsu pricingtheauditriskofinnovationintangiblesandpatents