Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions
Background: Recently, gintonin and gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) have been isolated from ginseng, a herbal medicine. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transition in cultured hippocampal neurons and stimulates acetylcholine release through LPA receptor activation. Oral administration of GEF is linked to hi...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Integrative Medicine Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422020301074 |
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| author | Rami Lee Na-Eun Lee Sun-Hye Choi Sung Min Nam Hyoung-Chun Kim Hyewhon Rhim Ik-Hyun Cho Sung-Hee Hwang Seung-Yeol Nah |
| author_facet | Rami Lee Na-Eun Lee Sun-Hye Choi Sung Min Nam Hyoung-Chun Kim Hyewhon Rhim Ik-Hyun Cho Sung-Hee Hwang Seung-Yeol Nah |
| author_sort | Rami Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Recently, gintonin and gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) have been isolated from ginseng, a herbal medicine. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transition in cultured hippocampal neurons and stimulates acetylcholine release through LPA receptor activation. Oral administration of GEF is linked to hippocampus-dependent cognitive enhancement and other neuroprotective effects; however, effects of its long-term administration on hippocampal gene expression remains unknown. Here, we used next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis to examine changes in hippocampal gene expressions after long-term oral administration of GEF. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: control group, GEF50 (GEF 50 mg/kg, p.o.), and GEF100 (GEF 100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 22 days, total RNA was extracted from mouse hippocampal tissues. NGS was used for gene expression profiling; quantitative-real-time PCR and western blot were performed to quantify the changes in specific genes and to confirm the protein expression levels in treatment groups. Results: NGS analysis screened a total of 23,282 genes, analyzing 11-related categories. We focused on the neurogenesis category, which includes four genes for candidate markers: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) gene, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh) gene, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo2) gene. Real-time PCR showed a marked overexpression of ChAT, Adrb3, and Crh genes, while reduced expression of Tdo2. Western blot analysis also confirmed increased ChAT and decreased Tdo2 protein levels. Conclusion: We found that GEF affects mouse hippocampal gene expressions, associated with memory, cognitive, anti-stress and anti-anxiety functions, and neurodegeneration at differential degree, that might explain the genetic bases of GEF-mediated neuroprotective effects. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c8a95ffc09942aeb68c3bb5c04d18e6 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2213-4220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Integrative Medicine Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c8a95ffc09942aeb68c3bb5c04d18e62025-08-20T02:15:42ZengElsevierIntegrative Medicine Research2213-42202021-06-0110210047510.1016/j.imr.2020.100475Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressionsRami Lee0Na-Eun Lee1Sun-Hye Choi2Sung Min Nam3Hyoung-Chun Kim4Hyewhon Rhim5Ik-Hyun Cho6Sung-Hee Hwang7Seung-Yeol Nah8Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaGinsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaGinsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, KoreaNeuro Psychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of KoreaCenter for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Convergence Medical Science, Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of KoreaGinsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Corresponding author at: Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.Background: Recently, gintonin and gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) have been isolated from ginseng, a herbal medicine. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transition in cultured hippocampal neurons and stimulates acetylcholine release through LPA receptor activation. Oral administration of GEF is linked to hippocampus-dependent cognitive enhancement and other neuroprotective effects; however, effects of its long-term administration on hippocampal gene expression remains unknown. Here, we used next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis to examine changes in hippocampal gene expressions after long-term oral administration of GEF. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: control group, GEF50 (GEF 50 mg/kg, p.o.), and GEF100 (GEF 100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 22 days, total RNA was extracted from mouse hippocampal tissues. NGS was used for gene expression profiling; quantitative-real-time PCR and western blot were performed to quantify the changes in specific genes and to confirm the protein expression levels in treatment groups. Results: NGS analysis screened a total of 23,282 genes, analyzing 11-related categories. We focused on the neurogenesis category, which includes four genes for candidate markers: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) gene, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh) gene, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo2) gene. Real-time PCR showed a marked overexpression of ChAT, Adrb3, and Crh genes, while reduced expression of Tdo2. Western blot analysis also confirmed increased ChAT and decreased Tdo2 protein levels. Conclusion: We found that GEF affects mouse hippocampal gene expressions, associated with memory, cognitive, anti-stress and anti-anxiety functions, and neurodegeneration at differential degree, that might explain the genetic bases of GEF-mediated neuroprotective effects.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422020301074GinsengGintoninHippocampus geneNGS analysisCognition |
| spellingShingle | Rami Lee Na-Eun Lee Sun-Hye Choi Sung Min Nam Hyoung-Chun Kim Hyewhon Rhim Ik-Hyun Cho Sung-Hee Hwang Seung-Yeol Nah Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions Integrative Medicine Research Ginseng Gintonin Hippocampus gene NGS analysis Cognition |
| title | Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| title_full | Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| title_fullStr | Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| title_short | Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| title_sort | effects of gintonin enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions |
| topic | Ginseng Gintonin Hippocampus gene NGS analysis Cognition |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213422020301074 |
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