New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms
<b>Objectives:</b> The oral cavity hosts one of the most complex microbial communities in the body. A disruption of the balance favors the growth of pathogenic species, contributing to oral diseases. The rise in microbial resistance has limited the effectiveness of conventional treatment...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/5/495 |
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| author | Ghazoua Mezni Hawraa Issa Manal Dahdah Anaïs Poulin Adam Daïch Abdulaziz Alamri Mahmoud Rouabhia Abdelhabib Semlali |
| author_facet | Ghazoua Mezni Hawraa Issa Manal Dahdah Anaïs Poulin Adam Daïch Abdulaziz Alamri Mahmoud Rouabhia Abdelhabib Semlali |
| author_sort | Ghazoua Mezni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Objectives:</b> The oral cavity hosts one of the most complex microbial communities in the body. A disruption of the balance favors the growth of pathogenic species, contributing to oral diseases. The rise in microbial resistance has limited the effectiveness of conventional treatments, shifting the interest to natural product-based alternatives. Given its superior bioavailability and bioactivity in other models, this study investigates the antifungal potential of a novel curcumin derivative, PAC (3,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-<i>N</i>-methyl-4-piperidone), and studies its impact on host–pathogen dynamics and host defense mechanisms. <b>Methods:</b> <i>Candida albicans</i> was used as the model organism. Viability, growth kinetics, and colony formation were evaluated using optical density, agar culture, and MTT assay. Biofilm formation was assessed through electron microscopy and total sugar quantification. The morphological transition from hyphae to the less virulent blastospore was monitored using an optical microscope. The gene expression of adhesion factors and host defense markers was analyzed using RT-PCR. <b>Results:</b> PAC impairs <i>C. albicans</i> viability and reduces virulence by compromising biofilm formation and ensuring phenotypic transition to a blastospore form. Also, PAC controls <i>C. albicans</i> growth via necrosis/ROS pathways. As a result, PAC appears to repress host–pathogen interaction by downregulating SAPs, EAP1, and HWP1 adhesion genes, thus relieving the need to activate gingival epithelial cell defense mechanisms. This is highlighted by recording baseline levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β cytokines and antimicrobial β-defensin peptides in the presence of less virulent candida forms. <b>Conclusions:</b> PAC effectively reduces <i>C. albicans</i> virulence by limiting biofilm formation and adhesion while minimizing inflammatory responses. These findings support its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for infectious disease control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c7bc25bfbdb4cdc972472db7f43d37f |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c7bc25bfbdb4cdc972472db7f43d37f2025-08-20T01:56:17ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822025-05-0114549510.3390/antibiotics14050495New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense MechanismsGhazoua Mezni0Hawraa Issa1Manal Dahdah2Anaïs Poulin3Adam Daïch4Abdulaziz Alamri5Mahmoud Rouabhia6Abdelhabib Semlali7Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, CanadaGroupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, CanadaGroupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, CanadaGroupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, CanadaNormandie Univ., UNILEHAVRE, INC3M FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, 76600 Le Havre, France. UR 3221, UFR ST, BP: 1123, 25 rue Philipe Lebon, 76063 Le Havre Cedex, FranceBiochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaGroupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, CanadaGroupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada<b>Objectives:</b> The oral cavity hosts one of the most complex microbial communities in the body. A disruption of the balance favors the growth of pathogenic species, contributing to oral diseases. The rise in microbial resistance has limited the effectiveness of conventional treatments, shifting the interest to natural product-based alternatives. Given its superior bioavailability and bioactivity in other models, this study investigates the antifungal potential of a novel curcumin derivative, PAC (3,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-<i>N</i>-methyl-4-piperidone), and studies its impact on host–pathogen dynamics and host defense mechanisms. <b>Methods:</b> <i>Candida albicans</i> was used as the model organism. Viability, growth kinetics, and colony formation were evaluated using optical density, agar culture, and MTT assay. Biofilm formation was assessed through electron microscopy and total sugar quantification. The morphological transition from hyphae to the less virulent blastospore was monitored using an optical microscope. The gene expression of adhesion factors and host defense markers was analyzed using RT-PCR. <b>Results:</b> PAC impairs <i>C. albicans</i> viability and reduces virulence by compromising biofilm formation and ensuring phenotypic transition to a blastospore form. Also, PAC controls <i>C. albicans</i> growth via necrosis/ROS pathways. As a result, PAC appears to repress host–pathogen interaction by downregulating SAPs, EAP1, and HWP1 adhesion genes, thus relieving the need to activate gingival epithelial cell defense mechanisms. This is highlighted by recording baseline levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β cytokines and antimicrobial β-defensin peptides in the presence of less virulent candida forms. <b>Conclusions:</b> PAC effectively reduces <i>C. albicans</i> virulence by limiting biofilm formation and adhesion while minimizing inflammatory responses. These findings support its potential as a promising therapeutic agent for infectious disease control.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/5/495PAC<i>C. albicans</i>virulenceSAPs genescytokinesanti-microbial β-defensins |
| spellingShingle | Ghazoua Mezni Hawraa Issa Manal Dahdah Anaïs Poulin Adam Daïch Abdulaziz Alamri Mahmoud Rouabhia Abdelhabib Semlali New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms Antibiotics PAC <i>C. albicans</i> virulence SAPs genes cytokines anti-microbial β-defensins |
| title | New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms |
| title_full | New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms |
| title_short | New Curcumin Analogue (PAC) Inhibits <i>Candida albicans</i> Virulence, Restricts Its Adhesion Potential, and Relieves Oral Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Defense Mechanisms |
| title_sort | new curcumin analogue pac inhibits i candida albicans i virulence restricts its adhesion potential and relieves oral epithelial cell inflammation and defense mechanisms |
| topic | PAC <i>C. albicans</i> virulence SAPs genes cytokines anti-microbial β-defensins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/14/5/495 |
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