Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most significant pathogens responsible for respiratory infections in humans. Macrolides are recommended as the first-line treatment for M. pneumoniae infection. The prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae has increased significantly in recent decades, part...

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Main Authors: Panpan Xie, Yue Zhang, Yanhong Qin, Yun Fang, Ning Yang, Yunbiao Bai, Shimeng Zhi, Wenkai Niu, Fusheng Wang, Xin Yuan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1496521/full
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author Panpan Xie
Panpan Xie
Yue Zhang
Yue Zhang
Yanhong Qin
Yanhong Qin
Yun Fang
Yun Fang
Ning Yang
Ning Yang
Yunbiao Bai
Yunbiao Bai
Shimeng Zhi
Shimeng Zhi
Wenkai Niu
Wenkai Niu
Fusheng Wang
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
author_facet Panpan Xie
Panpan Xie
Yue Zhang
Yue Zhang
Yanhong Qin
Yanhong Qin
Yun Fang
Yun Fang
Ning Yang
Ning Yang
Yunbiao Bai
Yunbiao Bai
Shimeng Zhi
Shimeng Zhi
Wenkai Niu
Wenkai Niu
Fusheng Wang
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
author_sort Panpan Xie
collection DOAJ
description Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most significant pathogens responsible for respiratory infections in humans. Macrolides are recommended as the first-line treatment for M. pneumoniae infection. The prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae has increased significantly in recent decades, particularly in China. The mechanisms of resistance in M. pneumoniae to macrolides have been extensively studied in pediatric patients. However, a paucity reports regarding the resistance characteristics and mechanisms exhibited in adults. The aim of this study was to elucidate the resistance of M. pneumoniae to macrolides and the underlying mechanisms in adult patients. Pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from adult patients presenting with subacute cough or community-acquired pneumonia at our hospital from January 2011 to June 2017 to identify and isolate M. pneumoniae strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to 3 macrolide antibiotics was assessed using broth microdilution method. The 23S rRNA genes of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were sequenced, and the presence of target methylation genes (ermA, ermB, and ermC), efflux pump genes (mefA, mefA/E, msrA, and msrA/B), and the macrolide resistance gene mphC was identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Additionally, MICs were determined with and without the efflux pump inhibitor reserpine. A total of 72 M. pneumoniae strains were isolated from adult patients, with 41.7% (30/72) exhibiting macrolide resistance. Among the 3 macrolides tested, the 16-membered-ring midecamycin exhibited the greatest activity (MIC90: 16 µg/ml) against M. pneumoniae. All macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains harbored mutations at the 2063 site in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. Two macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae clinical isolates were found to harbor the efflux pump genes msrA/B and mefA. The efflux pump inhibitor reserpine reduced the MIC for azithromycin in these two strains to a quarter of their original values. In summary, macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae is commonly observed among adults in Beijing. Point mutations are the primary mechanism responsible for macrolide resistance in adults with M. pneumoniae. Additionally, the efflux pump mechanism may contribute partially to this resistance. Midecamycin presents a promising alternative drug for treating M. pneumoniae infections, particularly in cases of azithromycin-resistant M. pneumoniae infection in young children.
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spelling doaj-art-0c74374b1fa542ada47ef4485678e7d32025-08-20T03:02:22ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-03-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.14965211496521Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patientsPanpan Xie0Panpan Xie1Yue Zhang2Yue Zhang3Yanhong Qin4Yanhong Qin5Yun Fang6Yun Fang7Ning Yang8Ning Yang9Yunbiao Bai10Yunbiao Bai11Shimeng Zhi12Shimeng Zhi13Wenkai Niu14Wenkai Niu15Fusheng Wang16Xin Yuan17Xin Yuan18Xin Yuan19Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaThe Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaThe Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaSenior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, ChinaMycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most significant pathogens responsible for respiratory infections in humans. Macrolides are recommended as the first-line treatment for M. pneumoniae infection. The prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae has increased significantly in recent decades, particularly in China. The mechanisms of resistance in M. pneumoniae to macrolides have been extensively studied in pediatric patients. However, a paucity reports regarding the resistance characteristics and mechanisms exhibited in adults. The aim of this study was to elucidate the resistance of M. pneumoniae to macrolides and the underlying mechanisms in adult patients. Pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from adult patients presenting with subacute cough or community-acquired pneumonia at our hospital from January 2011 to June 2017 to identify and isolate M. pneumoniae strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to 3 macrolide antibiotics was assessed using broth microdilution method. The 23S rRNA genes of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were sequenced, and the presence of target methylation genes (ermA, ermB, and ermC), efflux pump genes (mefA, mefA/E, msrA, and msrA/B), and the macrolide resistance gene mphC was identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Additionally, MICs were determined with and without the efflux pump inhibitor reserpine. A total of 72 M. pneumoniae strains were isolated from adult patients, with 41.7% (30/72) exhibiting macrolide resistance. Among the 3 macrolides tested, the 16-membered-ring midecamycin exhibited the greatest activity (MIC90: 16 µg/ml) against M. pneumoniae. All macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains harbored mutations at the 2063 site in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. Two macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae clinical isolates were found to harbor the efflux pump genes msrA/B and mefA. The efflux pump inhibitor reserpine reduced the MIC for azithromycin in these two strains to a quarter of their original values. In summary, macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae is commonly observed among adults in Beijing. Point mutations are the primary mechanism responsible for macrolide resistance in adults with M. pneumoniae. Additionally, the efflux pump mechanism may contribute partially to this resistance. Midecamycin presents a promising alternative drug for treating M. pneumoniae infections, particularly in cases of azithromycin-resistant M. pneumoniae infection in young children.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1496521/fullMycoplasma pneumoniaemacrolide resistanceresistant mechanismpoint mutationsefflux pump
spellingShingle Panpan Xie
Panpan Xie
Yue Zhang
Yue Zhang
Yanhong Qin
Yanhong Qin
Yun Fang
Yun Fang
Ning Yang
Ning Yang
Yunbiao Bai
Yunbiao Bai
Shimeng Zhi
Shimeng Zhi
Wenkai Niu
Wenkai Niu
Fusheng Wang
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
Xin Yuan
Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
macrolide resistance
resistant mechanism
point mutations
efflux pump
title Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
title_full Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
title_fullStr Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
title_full_unstemmed Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
title_short Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
title_sort macrolide resistance in mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult patients
topic Mycoplasma pneumoniae
macrolide resistance
resistant mechanism
point mutations
efflux pump
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1496521/full
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