Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction
BackgroundWith the progression of industrialization, an increasing number of emerging contaminants are entering aquatic environments, posing significant threats to the safety of drinking water. Therefore, establishing a system for identifying unknown hazardous factors and implementing safety warning...
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Editorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine
2025-07-01
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| Series: | 环境与职业医学 |
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| Online Access: | http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM24475 |
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| author | Zixin QIAN Yuhang CHEN Chao FENG Yuanjie LIN Qian XU Ziwei LIANG Xinyu WANG Dasheng LU Ping XIAO Zhijun ZHOU |
| author_facet | Zixin QIAN Yuhang CHEN Chao FENG Yuanjie LIN Qian XU Ziwei LIANG Xinyu WANG Dasheng LU Ping XIAO Zhijun ZHOU |
| author_sort | Zixin QIAN |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundWith the progression of industrialization, an increasing number of emerging contaminants are entering aquatic environments, posing significant threats to the safety of drinking water. Therefore, establishing a system for identifying unknown hazardous factors and implementing safety warning mechanisms for drinking water is of paramount importance. Among these efforts, non-target screening plays a critical role, but its effectiveness is largely constrained by the scope of coverage of sample pre-treatment methods.ObjectiveTo integrate modern chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques with advanced data mining methods to develop a non-discriminatory sample pre-treatment method for comprehensive enrichment of unknown contaminants in drinking water, laying a technical foundation for the discovery and identification of unknown organic hazardous factors in drinking water.MethodsA non-discriminatory pre-treatment method based on supramolecular and solid-phase extraction was developed. The final target compounds including 333 pesticides, 194 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and 59 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were used for optimizing the pre-treatment method, confirming its coverage. The impacts of different eluents on the absolute recovery rates of target compounds were compared to select the conditions with the highest recovery for sample pre-treatment. The effects of different supramolecular solvents and salt concentrations on target compound recovery were also evaluated to determine the most suitable solvent and salt concentration.ResultsThe solid-phase extraction elution solvents, supramolecular extraction solvents, and salt concentrations were optimized based on the target compound recovery rates. The optimal recovery conditions were achieved using 2 mL methanol, 2 mL methanol (containing 1% formic acid), 2 mL ethyl acetate, 2 mL dichloromethane, hexanediol supramolecular solvent, and 426 mg salt. The detection method developed based on these conditions showed a good linear relationship for all target compounds in the range of 0.1-100.0 ng·mL−1, with R² > 0.99. The method’s limit of detection ranged from 0.01 ng−1 to 0.95 ng−1, and 95% of target compounds were recovered in the range of 20%-120%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 30%, indicating good precision.ConclusionThe combined pre-treatment method of solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction can effectively enrich contaminants in drinking water across low, medium, and high polarities, enabling broad-spectrum enrichment of diverse trace contaminants in drinking water. It provides technical support for broad-spectrum, high-throughput screening and identification of organic pollutants in drinking water, and also serves as a reference for establishing urban drinking water public safety warning systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c6dfa3d1fdd4c46a814b486dd94a131 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2095-9982 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine |
| record_format | Article |
| series | 环境与职业医学 |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c6dfa3d1fdd4c46a814b486dd94a1312025-08-20T04:01:03ZengEditorial Committee of Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine环境与职业医学2095-99822025-07-0142785486110.11836/JEOM2447524475Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extractionZixin QIAN0Yuhang CHEN1Chao FENG2Yuanjie LIN3Qian XU4Ziwei LIANG5Xinyu WANG6Dasheng LU7Ping XIAO8Zhijun ZHOU9School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, ChinaShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety AssessmentSchool of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, ChinaBackgroundWith the progression of industrialization, an increasing number of emerging contaminants are entering aquatic environments, posing significant threats to the safety of drinking water. Therefore, establishing a system for identifying unknown hazardous factors and implementing safety warning mechanisms for drinking water is of paramount importance. Among these efforts, non-target screening plays a critical role, but its effectiveness is largely constrained by the scope of coverage of sample pre-treatment methods.ObjectiveTo integrate modern chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques with advanced data mining methods to develop a non-discriminatory sample pre-treatment method for comprehensive enrichment of unknown contaminants in drinking water, laying a technical foundation for the discovery and identification of unknown organic hazardous factors in drinking water.MethodsA non-discriminatory pre-treatment method based on supramolecular and solid-phase extraction was developed. The final target compounds including 333 pesticides, 194 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and 59 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were used for optimizing the pre-treatment method, confirming its coverage. The impacts of different eluents on the absolute recovery rates of target compounds were compared to select the conditions with the highest recovery for sample pre-treatment. The effects of different supramolecular solvents and salt concentrations on target compound recovery were also evaluated to determine the most suitable solvent and salt concentration.ResultsThe solid-phase extraction elution solvents, supramolecular extraction solvents, and salt concentrations were optimized based on the target compound recovery rates. The optimal recovery conditions were achieved using 2 mL methanol, 2 mL methanol (containing 1% formic acid), 2 mL ethyl acetate, 2 mL dichloromethane, hexanediol supramolecular solvent, and 426 mg salt. The detection method developed based on these conditions showed a good linear relationship for all target compounds in the range of 0.1-100.0 ng·mL−1, with R² > 0.99. The method’s limit of detection ranged from 0.01 ng−1 to 0.95 ng−1, and 95% of target compounds were recovered in the range of 20%-120%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 30%, indicating good precision.ConclusionThe combined pre-treatment method of solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction can effectively enrich contaminants in drinking water across low, medium, and high polarities, enabling broad-spectrum enrichment of diverse trace contaminants in drinking water. It provides technical support for broad-spectrum, high-throughput screening and identification of organic pollutants in drinking water, and also serves as a reference for establishing urban drinking water public safety warning systems.http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM24475drinking watercontaminantscreeningpre-treatment methodsolid-phase extractionsupramolecular solvent |
| spellingShingle | Zixin QIAN Yuhang CHEN Chao FENG Yuanjie LIN Qian XU Ziwei LIANG Xinyu WANG Dasheng LU Ping XIAO Zhijun ZHOU Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction 环境与职业医学 drinking water contaminant screening pre-treatment method solid-phase extraction supramolecular solvent |
| title | Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| title_full | Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| title_fullStr | Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| title_short | Identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| title_sort | identification of unknown pollutants in drinking water based on solid phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction |
| topic | drinking water contaminant screening pre-treatment method solid-phase extraction supramolecular solvent |
| url | http://www.jeom.org/article/cn/10.11836/JEOM24475 |
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