Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma

Ilex khasiana Purkay. is a lesser-known species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) that is endemic to Northeast India. Designated as critically endangered, the plant is used in the treatments of bacterial infections, cancer, intestinal helminthiasis, tuberculosis, and viral infections. A methanol extra...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Charles Lalnunfela, Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Zothansiama, Chhaihlo Lalmuansangi, Mary Zosangzuali, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Tochhawng Lalhriatpuii, Kholhring Lalchhandama
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-01-01
Series:Heliyon
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025002191
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
_version_ 1832573124659380224
author Charles Lalnunfela
Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii
Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga
Zothansiama
Chhaihlo Lalmuansangi
Mary Zosangzuali
Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
Tochhawng Lalhriatpuii
Kholhring Lalchhandama
author_facet Charles Lalnunfela
Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii
Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga
Zothansiama
Chhaihlo Lalmuansangi
Mary Zosangzuali
Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
Tochhawng Lalhriatpuii
Kholhring Lalchhandama
author_sort Charles Lalnunfela
collection DOAJ
description Ilex khasiana Purkay. is a lesser-known species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) that is endemic to Northeast India. Designated as critically endangered, the plant is used in the treatments of bacterial infections, cancer, intestinal helminthiasis, tuberculosis, and viral infections. A methanol extract of the leaves was prepared from which 16 different compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. An alkylated phenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, was the predominant compound. Acute toxicity test indicated that the plant extract was non-toxic even at the highest dosage tested, i.e., 2000 mg/kg body weight. The plant extract caused considerable prolongation of survival in mice transplanted with Dalton's lymphoma ascites, extending life by 33 %, with median survival time of 35.5 and average survival time of 22.83 days, and with a treatment to control ratio of 131.37 %. Reduction of body mass, lipid peroxidation, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine were seen in DLA-transplanted mice after treatment with the plant extract. On the other hand, glutathione level, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activity increased. Alkaline comet assay showed that the plant extract effectively induced DNA damage, producing a tail length of 11.89 μm and Olive moment of 2.36 at 250 mg/kg bwt, the most effective dosage. Molecular docking revealed high ligand binding ability of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol to chemokine receptor CXCR4, DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha, DNA topoisomerase 2-beta, histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3), Janus kinase 1 and programmed cell death protein 1. The safety and anticancer activity in the present study substantiate the therapeutic importance of I. khasiana as acclaimed in the Mizo traditional medicine. Additionally, the study advocates further pharmacological investigations as well as the conservation and propagation of the endangered plant for future research.
format Article
id doaj-art-0c4a7ef3244c4901b204bdc5ceb4cfa9
institution Kabale University
issn 2405-8440
language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher Elsevier
record_format Article
series Heliyon
spelling doaj-art-0c4a7ef3244c4901b204bdc5ceb4cfa92025-02-02T05:28:21ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-01-01112e41839Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphomaCharles Lalnunfela0Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii1Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga2 Zothansiama3Chhaihlo Lalmuansangi4Mary Zosangzuali5Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar6Tochhawng Lalhriatpuii7Kholhring Lalchhandama8Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDBT-BUILDER National Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, 796001, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Tanhril, 796004, Mizoram, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, 796017, Mizoram, IndiaDBT-BUILDER National Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, 796001, Mizoram, India; Corresponding author.Ilex khasiana Purkay. is a lesser-known species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) that is endemic to Northeast India. Designated as critically endangered, the plant is used in the treatments of bacterial infections, cancer, intestinal helminthiasis, tuberculosis, and viral infections. A methanol extract of the leaves was prepared from which 16 different compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. An alkylated phenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, was the predominant compound. Acute toxicity test indicated that the plant extract was non-toxic even at the highest dosage tested, i.e., 2000 mg/kg body weight. The plant extract caused considerable prolongation of survival in mice transplanted with Dalton's lymphoma ascites, extending life by 33 %, with median survival time of 35.5 and average survival time of 22.83 days, and with a treatment to control ratio of 131.37 %. Reduction of body mass, lipid peroxidation, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine were seen in DLA-transplanted mice after treatment with the plant extract. On the other hand, glutathione level, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activity increased. Alkaline comet assay showed that the plant extract effectively induced DNA damage, producing a tail length of 11.89 μm and Olive moment of 2.36 at 250 mg/kg bwt, the most effective dosage. Molecular docking revealed high ligand binding ability of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol to chemokine receptor CXCR4, DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha, DNA topoisomerase 2-beta, histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3), Janus kinase 1 and programmed cell death protein 1. The safety and anticancer activity in the present study substantiate the therapeutic importance of I. khasiana as acclaimed in the Mizo traditional medicine. Additionally, the study advocates further pharmacological investigations as well as the conservation and propagation of the endangered plant for future research.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025002191Anticancer activityLymphomaMizo traditional medicineMolecular docking
spellingShingle Charles Lalnunfela
Pawi Bawitlung Lalthanpuii
Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga
Zothansiama
Chhaihlo Lalmuansangi
Mary Zosangzuali
Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
Tochhawng Lalhriatpuii
Kholhring Lalchhandama
Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
Heliyon
Anticancer activity
Lymphoma
Mizo traditional medicine
Molecular docking
title Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
title_full Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
title_fullStr Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
title_full_unstemmed Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
title_short Anticancer activity of Ilex khasiana, a rare and endemic species of holly in Northeast India, against murine lymphoma
title_sort anticancer activity of ilex khasiana a rare and endemic species of holly in northeast india against murine lymphoma
topic Anticancer activity
Lymphoma
Mizo traditional medicine
Molecular docking
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844025002191
work_keys_str_mv AT charleslalnunfela anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT pawibawitlunglalthanpuii anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT hmartlawmtelalremsanga anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT zothansiama anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT chhaihlolalmuansangi anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT maryzosangzuali anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT nachimuthusenthilkumar anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT tochhawnglalhriatpuii anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma
AT kholhringlalchhandama anticanceractivityofilexkhasianaarareandendemicspeciesofhollyinnortheastindiaagainstmurinelymphoma