In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium
Abstract Background The escalating issue of bacterial resistance, coupled with stringent restrictions on antibiotic use in many countries, has prompted the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Probiotics, such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), have been widely recogniz...
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04107-z |
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| author | Huili Bai Yuying Liao Jingshan Lu Zhe Pei Yangyan Yin Chunxia Ma Zhongwei Chen Changting Li Jun Li Yu Gong Ling Teng Leping Wang Zijuan Su Hailan Chen Hao Peng |
| author_facet | Huili Bai Yuying Liao Jingshan Lu Zhe Pei Yangyan Yin Chunxia Ma Zhongwei Chen Changting Li Jun Li Yu Gong Ling Teng Leping Wang Zijuan Su Hailan Chen Hao Peng |
| author_sort | Huili Bai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The escalating issue of bacterial resistance, coupled with stringent restrictions on antibiotic use in many countries, has prompted the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Probiotics, such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), have been widely recognized for their ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria proliferation and protect hosts from infection-related damage. Results In this study, a novel strain of B. subtilis, designated GX15, was isolated from the intestine of a healthy chicken. We systematically evaluated its in vitro antimicrobial activity and protective effects against Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 (S. Typhimurium SM022) infection in mice. GX15 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, effectively inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. Typhimurium SM022, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In a murine model, S. Typhimurium SM022 infection induced clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, anorexia, and fur ruffling in C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of GX15 at 10⁸ CFU/mL significantly attenuated these effects, reducing the elevation of immune organ indices, limiting bacterial translocation to peripheral tissues, and alleviating histopathological damage to the liver and intestinal tissues. Notably, GX15 did not alter antioxidant indices or immunoglobulin levels. However, it markedly modulated the expression of cytokines including GM-CSF, IL-6, TLR2, IL-10, and TGF-β in the small intestine, suggesting an immunoregulatory mechanism of action. Conclusion B. subtilis GX15 exhibits potent probiotic activity and represents a promising prophylactic candidate against S. Typhimurium infections. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of GX15 as an alternative strategy for the prevention and control of salmonellosis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c190ccc370d4df2a5869cbaa4a29929 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2180 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c190ccc370d4df2a5869cbaa4a299292025-08-20T03:45:22ZengBMCBMC Microbiology1471-21802025-07-0125111310.1186/s12866-025-04107-zIn vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymuriumHuili Bai0Yuying Liao1Jingshan Lu2Zhe Pei3Yangyan Yin4Chunxia Ma5Zhongwei Chen6Changting Li7Jun Li8Yu Gong9Ling Teng10Leping Wang11Zijuan Su12Hailan Chen13Hao Peng14College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi UniversityGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteThe City College of New York, School of NeuroscienceCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi UniversityCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi UniversityGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteGuizhou Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research InstituteCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi UniversityGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi UniversityGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research InstituteAbstract Background The escalating issue of bacterial resistance, coupled with stringent restrictions on antibiotic use in many countries, has prompted the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Probiotics, such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), have been widely recognized for their ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria proliferation and protect hosts from infection-related damage. Results In this study, a novel strain of B. subtilis, designated GX15, was isolated from the intestine of a healthy chicken. We systematically evaluated its in vitro antimicrobial activity and protective effects against Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 (S. Typhimurium SM022) infection in mice. GX15 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, effectively inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including S. Typhimurium SM022, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In a murine model, S. Typhimurium SM022 infection induced clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, anorexia, and fur ruffling in C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of GX15 at 10⁸ CFU/mL significantly attenuated these effects, reducing the elevation of immune organ indices, limiting bacterial translocation to peripheral tissues, and alleviating histopathological damage to the liver and intestinal tissues. Notably, GX15 did not alter antioxidant indices or immunoglobulin levels. However, it markedly modulated the expression of cytokines including GM-CSF, IL-6, TLR2, IL-10, and TGF-β in the small intestine, suggesting an immunoregulatory mechanism of action. Conclusion B. subtilis GX15 exhibits potent probiotic activity and represents a promising prophylactic candidate against S. Typhimurium infections. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of GX15 as an alternative strategy for the prevention and control of salmonellosis.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04107-zProbioticBacillus subtilisSalmonella TyphimuriumProtectionImmunity |
| spellingShingle | Huili Bai Yuying Liao Jingshan Lu Zhe Pei Yangyan Yin Chunxia Ma Zhongwei Chen Changting Li Jun Li Yu Gong Ling Teng Leping Wang Zijuan Su Hailan Chen Hao Peng In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium BMC Microbiology Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Salmonella Typhimurium Protection Immunity |
| title | In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| title_full | In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| title_fullStr | In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| title_full_unstemmed | In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| title_short | In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis GX15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by Salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| title_sort | in vitro antibacterial efficacy of a novel chicken derived bacillus subtilis gx15 strain and its protective mechanisms in mice challenged by salmonella enterica serovar typhymurium |
| topic | Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Salmonella Typhimurium Protection Immunity |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04107-z |
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