Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress

Climate variability, particularly freeze stress, poses a substantial challenge to crop yields worldwide. This study examined the impact of early 2024 freeze stress on rapeseed yields in the Yangtze River Basin, China, and assessed yield responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fe...

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Main Authors: Shishi Liu, Linxin Xiong, Wen Fang, Kunkun Wang, Xin Cui, Chen Liu, Tao Ren, Jianwei Lu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Crop and Environment
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X25000140
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author Shishi Liu
Linxin Xiong
Wen Fang
Kunkun Wang
Xin Cui
Chen Liu
Tao Ren
Jianwei Lu
author_facet Shishi Liu
Linxin Xiong
Wen Fang
Kunkun Wang
Xin Cui
Chen Liu
Tao Ren
Jianwei Lu
author_sort Shishi Liu
collection DOAJ
description Climate variability, particularly freeze stress, poses a substantial challenge to crop yields worldwide. This study examined the impact of early 2024 freeze stress on rapeseed yields in the Yangtze River Basin, China, and assessed yield responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates. Six field experiments with varying N, P, and K fertilizer rates were conducted from 2022 to 2024 at two sites. In 2023–2024, a severe freeze event caused yield losses ranging from 13.4% to 63.3%, depending on nutrient fertilizer rates and sites. The effect of N fertilization on mitigating freeze stress varied across different sites, while high P fertilizer rates were associated with a reduced yield decline under freeze stress. The K fertilizer application also decreased the yield reductions caused by the freeze stress. Freeze stress disproportionately affected yield components, particularly the number of siliques per plant. Membership function values (MFV) were used as a comprehensive indicator of yield-related traits to quantify the combined effects of freeze stress and fertilization on rapeseed yield. The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 ​kg ​N ​ha−1, 118 ​kg P2O5 ​ha−1, and 166 ​kg K2O ha−1 for 2022–2023 and 239 ​kg ​N ​ha−1, 110 ​kg P2O5 ​ha−1, and 169 ​kg K2O ha−1 for 2023–2024. These results highlight the importance of balanced nutrient management in improving rapeseed resilience to freeze stress and provide practical recommendations for optimizing nutrient management in cold-prone regions.
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spelling doaj-art-0c0dd8daba774ca5bdff6e103370a7472025-08-20T03:28:14ZengElsevierCrop and Environment2773-126X2025-09-014314315310.1016/j.crope.2025.04.002Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stressShishi Liu0Linxin Xiong1Wen Fang2Kunkun Wang3Xin Cui4Chen Liu5Tao Ren6Jianwei Lu7Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaCorresponding author.; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, ChinaClimate variability, particularly freeze stress, poses a substantial challenge to crop yields worldwide. This study examined the impact of early 2024 freeze stress on rapeseed yields in the Yangtze River Basin, China, and assessed yield responses to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates. Six field experiments with varying N, P, and K fertilizer rates were conducted from 2022 to 2024 at two sites. In 2023–2024, a severe freeze event caused yield losses ranging from 13.4% to 63.3%, depending on nutrient fertilizer rates and sites. The effect of N fertilization on mitigating freeze stress varied across different sites, while high P fertilizer rates were associated with a reduced yield decline under freeze stress. The K fertilizer application also decreased the yield reductions caused by the freeze stress. Freeze stress disproportionately affected yield components, particularly the number of siliques per plant. Membership function values (MFV) were used as a comprehensive indicator of yield-related traits to quantify the combined effects of freeze stress and fertilization on rapeseed yield. The optimal fertilizer rates that maximized MFV were 343 ​kg ​N ​ha−1, 118 ​kg P2O5 ​ha−1, and 166 ​kg K2O ha−1 for 2022–2023 and 239 ​kg ​N ​ha−1, 110 ​kg P2O5 ​ha−1, and 169 ​kg K2O ha−1 for 2023–2024. These results highlight the importance of balanced nutrient management in improving rapeseed resilience to freeze stress and provide practical recommendations for optimizing nutrient management in cold-prone regions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X25000140Fertilizer ratesFreeze stressHarvest indexRapeseedYieldYield components
spellingShingle Shishi Liu
Linxin Xiong
Wen Fang
Kunkun Wang
Xin Cui
Chen Liu
Tao Ren
Jianwei Lu
Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
Crop and Environment
Fertilizer rates
Freeze stress
Harvest index
Rapeseed
Yield
Yield components
title Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
title_full Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
title_fullStr Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
title_full_unstemmed Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
title_short Effects of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
title_sort effects of nitrogen phosphorous and potassium fertilization on rapeseed yield under freeze stress
topic Fertilizer rates
Freeze stress
Harvest index
Rapeseed
Yield
Yield components
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X25000140
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