Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam
During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of Hot Mix As...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Infrastructures |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/1/24 |
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| author | Hosin (David) Lee Lan Ngoc Nguyen Elena Sturlini Young-ik Kim |
| author_facet | Hosin (David) Lee Lan Ngoc Nguyen Elena Sturlini Young-ik Kim |
| author_sort | Hosin (David) Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in the US, the varied definition of WMA is questioned in this paper. Not only are the temperature reduction ranges from HMA defined by various studies too wide, but also the minimum threshold to be classified as WMA is often too small. In this paper, a new category of “Cool Mix Asphalt (CMA)” is proposed to distinguish it from the newly defined WMA based not on the reduction amount from HMA temperature but its actual production temperature. It is proposed that HMA should be defined as asphalt mixtures produced at temperatures between 140 and 160 °C (between 284 and 320 °F), WMA as production temperatures between 120 and 140 °C (between 248 and 284 °F), and CMA as production temperatures between 100 and 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). By defining their actual production temperatures rather than reduction temperatures from HMA, WMA and CMA will be clearly defined. This paper then presents a new Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt (PCMA) additive called “Zero-M”, which was developed to lower the mixing temperature to around 110 °C (203 °F). Recently, test sections using Zero-M were successfully constructed in Korea, Italy and Vietnam, and their laboratory test results of field cores and production and construction experiences are described in this paper. The chemistry and compositions of Zero-M are discussed along with its mechanism to significantly lower the production temperature of PCMA. All test sections constructed in three countries met the in-place compaction density requirements of their respective countries, which were close to or higher than those of the control HMA test sections. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0c061544d7684b93b1f3d613a8472e30 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2412-3811 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Infrastructures |
| spelling | doaj-art-0c061544d7684b93b1f3d613a8472e302025-01-24T13:35:26ZengMDPI AGInfrastructures2412-38112025-01-011012410.3390/infrastructures10010024Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and VietnamHosin (David) Lee0Lan Ngoc Nguyen1Elena Sturlini2Young-ik Kim3Civil and Environmental Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52027, USADepartment of Construction Materials, University of Transport and Communications, No. 03 Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, VietnamBindi S.P.A, Via Ponte alle Forche, 52027 San Giovanni Valdarno, ItalyHansoo Natech Co., Ltd., 6-20 Yuseong-daero 1205beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34104, Republic of KoreaDuring the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in the US, the varied definition of WMA is questioned in this paper. Not only are the temperature reduction ranges from HMA defined by various studies too wide, but also the minimum threshold to be classified as WMA is often too small. In this paper, a new category of “Cool Mix Asphalt (CMA)” is proposed to distinguish it from the newly defined WMA based not on the reduction amount from HMA temperature but its actual production temperature. It is proposed that HMA should be defined as asphalt mixtures produced at temperatures between 140 and 160 °C (between 284 and 320 °F), WMA as production temperatures between 120 and 140 °C (between 248 and 284 °F), and CMA as production temperatures between 100 and 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). By defining their actual production temperatures rather than reduction temperatures from HMA, WMA and CMA will be clearly defined. This paper then presents a new Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt (PCMA) additive called “Zero-M”, which was developed to lower the mixing temperature to around 110 °C (203 °F). Recently, test sections using Zero-M were successfully constructed in Korea, Italy and Vietnam, and their laboratory test results of field cores and production and construction experiences are described in this paper. The chemistry and compositions of Zero-M are discussed along with its mechanism to significantly lower the production temperature of PCMA. All test sections constructed in three countries met the in-place compaction density requirements of their respective countries, which were close to or higher than those of the control HMA test sections.https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/1/24Cool Mix AsphaltWarm Mix AsphaltHot Mix AsphaltPolymer Cool Mix AsphaltField DensityImplementations in Korea Italy Vietnam |
| spellingShingle | Hosin (David) Lee Lan Ngoc Nguyen Elena Sturlini Young-ik Kim Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam Infrastructures Cool Mix Asphalt Warm Mix Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt Field Density Implementations in Korea Italy Vietnam |
| title | Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam |
| title_full | Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam |
| title_fullStr | Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam |
| title_short | Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam |
| title_sort | cool mix asphalt redefining warm mix asphalt with implementations in korea italy and vietnam |
| topic | Cool Mix Asphalt Warm Mix Asphalt Hot Mix Asphalt Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt Field Density Implementations in Korea Italy Vietnam |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-3811/10/1/24 |
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