Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students
# Background There is limited evidence describing the relationship between calcaneal bone mineral density (cBMD) and activity level, menstrual history, or the development of bone stress injury (BSI). # Hypothesis/Purpose The purposes of this study were to: 1) examine the influence of physical act...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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North American Sports Medicine Institute
2022-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31653 |
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| author | Jason E. Bennett Tricia M. Austin Ann M. Hayes Mark F. Reinking |
| author_facet | Jason E. Bennett Tricia M. Austin Ann M. Hayes Mark F. Reinking |
| author_sort | Jason E. Bennett |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | # Background
There is limited evidence describing the relationship between calcaneal bone mineral density (cBMD) and activity level, menstrual history, or the development of bone stress injury (BSI).
# Hypothesis/Purpose
The purposes of this study were to: 1) examine the influence of physical activity on cBMD in healthy college students (HCS), 2) determine if there is an association between cBMD, body mass index (BMI), sex, menstrual history, and history of BSI in HCS, and 3) compare the cBMD of HCS to cBMD data collected on intercollegiate athletes (ICA) from a previous study.
# Study Design
Cross-sectional design
# Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of HCS at one institution. Subjects provided self-reported injury and menstrual history, completed a physical activity questionnaire, and cBMD and BMI measures were obtained. Descriptive statistics, statistical analyses of relationships (Chi-square and relative risk), logistic regression, and differences (t-tests) were used in the statistical analyses.
# Results
One hundred three HCS (82 female, 21 male; age 21.9 ± 1.13) consented to participate. The composite score for work, leisure, and sport activity ranged from 5.6 to 11.1 (7.9 ± 1.1) for HCS subjects. There was no significant correlation between cBMD and physical activity in HCS, however, a significant correlation was found between reported age of onset of menstruation and left and right cBMD (r = -0.22 and r = -0.23; p \< 0.05) and history of secondary amenorrhea and history of BSI (r = 0.32; p \< 0.05). There was no difference in cBMD between the male ICA and male HCS, but highly significant differences in cBMD between the female ICA and female HCS groups (p \< 0.000).
# Conclusions
Age of menarche and secondary amenorrhea are significantly associated with cBMD and history of BSI in HCS subjects, respectively. Differences in cBMD among the HCS subjects were not related to activity level. cBMD was significantly lower in female HCS as compared to female ICA. This difference in cBMD between ICA and HCS may be activity related.
# Level of Evidence
Level 3 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0bfdb431f1af4690baf430eff61ac560 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2159-2896 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | North American Sports Medicine Institute |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| spelling | doaj-art-0bfdb431f1af4690baf430eff61ac5602025-02-11T20:27:31ZengNorth American Sports Medicine InstituteInternational Journal of Sports Physical Therapy2159-28962022-02-01172Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College StudentsJason E. BennettTricia M. AustinAnn M. HayesMark F. Reinking# Background There is limited evidence describing the relationship between calcaneal bone mineral density (cBMD) and activity level, menstrual history, or the development of bone stress injury (BSI). # Hypothesis/Purpose The purposes of this study were to: 1) examine the influence of physical activity on cBMD in healthy college students (HCS), 2) determine if there is an association between cBMD, body mass index (BMI), sex, menstrual history, and history of BSI in HCS, and 3) compare the cBMD of HCS to cBMD data collected on intercollegiate athletes (ICA) from a previous study. # Study Design Cross-sectional design # Methods This cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of HCS at one institution. Subjects provided self-reported injury and menstrual history, completed a physical activity questionnaire, and cBMD and BMI measures were obtained. Descriptive statistics, statistical analyses of relationships (Chi-square and relative risk), logistic regression, and differences (t-tests) were used in the statistical analyses. # Results One hundred three HCS (82 female, 21 male; age 21.9 ± 1.13) consented to participate. The composite score for work, leisure, and sport activity ranged from 5.6 to 11.1 (7.9 ± 1.1) for HCS subjects. There was no significant correlation between cBMD and physical activity in HCS, however, a significant correlation was found between reported age of onset of menstruation and left and right cBMD (r = -0.22 and r = -0.23; p \< 0.05) and history of secondary amenorrhea and history of BSI (r = 0.32; p \< 0.05). There was no difference in cBMD between the male ICA and male HCS, but highly significant differences in cBMD between the female ICA and female HCS groups (p \< 0.000). # Conclusions Age of menarche and secondary amenorrhea are significantly associated with cBMD and history of BSI in HCS subjects, respectively. Differences in cBMD among the HCS subjects were not related to activity level. cBMD was significantly lower in female HCS as compared to female ICA. This difference in cBMD between ICA and HCS may be activity related. # Level of Evidence Level 3https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31653 |
| spellingShingle | Jason E. Bennett Tricia M. Austin Ann M. Hayes Mark F. Reinking Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |
| title | Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students |
| title_full | Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students |
| title_short | Analysis of Calcaneal Bone Mineral Density (cBMD) in Healthy College Students |
| title_sort | analysis of calcaneal bone mineral density cbmd in healthy college students |
| url | https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.31653 |
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