Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats

ABSTRACT Reflective assignments are a powerful tool in undergraduate STEM courses to promote student metacognition and give instructors and researchers a view of that process. We were interested in understanding student challenges in our developmental biology course, so we used reflective assignment...

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Main Authors: Wendy Aquino Nunez, Meadow C. B. Scott, Dyan E. Morgan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: American Society for Microbiology 2025-08-01
Series:Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jmbe.00139-24
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author Wendy Aquino Nunez
Meadow C. B. Scott
Dyan E. Morgan
author_facet Wendy Aquino Nunez
Meadow C. B. Scott
Dyan E. Morgan
author_sort Wendy Aquino Nunez
collection DOAJ
description ABSTRACT Reflective assignments are a powerful tool in undergraduate STEM courses to promote student metacognition and give instructors and researchers a view of that process. We were interested in understanding student challenges in our developmental biology course, so we used reflective assignments to uncover these challenges and also add to our understanding of student metacognition in upper-level courses. We used structural and initial coding and themed student responses. Then, we were able to compare results across two different course formats. We also compared these analyses with student performance on weekly formative assessments and completed item analysis. Our analyses suggest that students struggle the most with application. Notably, student responses did not differ in an asynchronous online class versus a high-flex in-person class. We also surveyed students (n = 162) on their use and perceived value of the metacognitive assignments for further comparison to other studies of upper-level student metacognitive regulation. Results indicate a strong majority of students completed more than half of the assignments, found the assignments beneficial to their learning, and used the opportunity to plan study time. Overall, we find that upper-level college students have accurate metacognitive knowledge, allowing them to identify challenging topics and cognitive skills, and have acquired the metacognitive regulation tools to develop study plans when prompted by a reflective assignment.
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spelling doaj-art-0bdd30d0e71b4b34a34431ab61ea39df2025-08-21T13:02:34ZengAmerican Society for MicrobiologyJournal of Microbiology & Biology Education1935-78771935-78852025-08-0126210.1128/jmbe.00139-24Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formatsWendy Aquino Nunez0Meadow C. B. Scott1Dyan E. Morgan2Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USAUndergraduate Biology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USAUndergraduate Biology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USAABSTRACT Reflective assignments are a powerful tool in undergraduate STEM courses to promote student metacognition and give instructors and researchers a view of that process. We were interested in understanding student challenges in our developmental biology course, so we used reflective assignments to uncover these challenges and also add to our understanding of student metacognition in upper-level courses. We used structural and initial coding and themed student responses. Then, we were able to compare results across two different course formats. We also compared these analyses with student performance on weekly formative assessments and completed item analysis. Our analyses suggest that students struggle the most with application. Notably, student responses did not differ in an asynchronous online class versus a high-flex in-person class. We also surveyed students (n = 162) on their use and perceived value of the metacognitive assignments for further comparison to other studies of upper-level student metacognitive regulation. Results indicate a strong majority of students completed more than half of the assignments, found the assignments beneficial to their learning, and used the opportunity to plan study time. Overall, we find that upper-level college students have accurate metacognitive knowledge, allowing them to identify challenging topics and cognitive skills, and have acquired the metacognitive regulation tools to develop study plans when prompted by a reflective assignment.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jmbe.00139-24metacognitionmetacognitive regulationundergraduatedevelopmental biologydevelopmentreflection
spellingShingle Wendy Aquino Nunez
Meadow C. B. Scott
Dyan E. Morgan
Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
metacognition
metacognitive regulation
undergraduate
developmental biology
development
reflection
title Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
title_full Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
title_fullStr Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
title_full_unstemmed Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
title_short Metacognitive mapping: developmental biology students struggle with higher-order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
title_sort metacognitive mapping developmental biology students struggle with higher order cognitive skills in multiple course formats
topic metacognition
metacognitive regulation
undergraduate
developmental biology
development
reflection
url https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jmbe.00139-24
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AT meadowcbscott metacognitivemappingdevelopmentalbiologystudentsstrugglewithhigherordercognitiveskillsinmultiplecourseformats
AT dyanemorgan metacognitivemappingdevelopmentalbiologystudentsstrugglewithhigherordercognitiveskillsinmultiplecourseformats