Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income
Objective: Vaccination is a key intervention to prevent severe COVID-19, but in the early months of vaccination availability in the United States, there were wide spatial inequities in vaccination by neighborood racial-ethnic composition and socioeconomic status. To explore whether and how these ine...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Preventive Medicine Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525001305 |
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| author | Angela D'Adamo Alina Schnake-Mahl Usama Bilal Jane Miller |
| author_facet | Angela D'Adamo Alina Schnake-Mahl Usama Bilal Jane Miller |
| author_sort | Angela D'Adamo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: Vaccination is a key intervention to prevent severe COVID-19, but in the early months of vaccination availability in the United States, there were wide spatial inequities in vaccination by neighborood racial-ethnic composition and socioeconomic status. To explore whether and how these inequities persisted, we examined the association between neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Philadelphia, and described trends in inequities in 2021 and 2022. Methods: Using vaccination data for 46 Philadelphia neighborhoods (zip codes), from the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, we estimated vaccination coverage on April 18th, September 26th, and November 21st of 2021, as well as April 3rd, June 26th, and August 7th of 2022. We estimated and compared average vaccination coverage by neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition. We explored inequities in coverage by estimating absolute and relative differences in vaccination by date. Results: COVID-19 vaccination coverage varied substantially by neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition. On all dates, rates were higher in high income and non-Hispanic White neighborhoods compared to medium-income, low-income, mixed, and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods. The absolute and relative differences in vaccination between neighborhoods narrowed over time but persisted through August 2022. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the importance of policies that target low-income and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods during pandemics, including during vaccination rollout, as they have experienced a disproportionate infection, hospitalization, and mortality burden due to COVID-19 and experienced lower vaccination rates. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0bd280c4ea8749b5a102c0375e70d4e5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2211-3355 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Preventive Medicine Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-0bd280c4ea8749b5a102c0375e70d4e52025-08-20T03:13:03ZengElsevierPreventive Medicine Reports2211-33552025-06-015410309110.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103091Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and incomeAngela D'Adamo0Alina Schnake-Mahl1Usama Bilal2Jane Miller3Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Corresponding author.Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USAUrban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USAEdward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USAObjective: Vaccination is a key intervention to prevent severe COVID-19, but in the early months of vaccination availability in the United States, there were wide spatial inequities in vaccination by neighborood racial-ethnic composition and socioeconomic status. To explore whether and how these inequities persisted, we examined the association between neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Philadelphia, and described trends in inequities in 2021 and 2022. Methods: Using vaccination data for 46 Philadelphia neighborhoods (zip codes), from the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, we estimated vaccination coverage on April 18th, September 26th, and November 21st of 2021, as well as April 3rd, June 26th, and August 7th of 2022. We estimated and compared average vaccination coverage by neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition. We explored inequities in coverage by estimating absolute and relative differences in vaccination by date. Results: COVID-19 vaccination coverage varied substantially by neighborhood-level income and racial-ethnic composition. On all dates, rates were higher in high income and non-Hispanic White neighborhoods compared to medium-income, low-income, mixed, and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods. The absolute and relative differences in vaccination between neighborhoods narrowed over time but persisted through August 2022. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the importance of policies that target low-income and non-Hispanic Black neighborhoods during pandemics, including during vaccination rollout, as they have experienced a disproportionate infection, hospitalization, and mortality burden due to COVID-19 and experienced lower vaccination rates.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525001305COVID-19VaccinationIncomeRace-ethnicityHealth inequities |
| spellingShingle | Angela D'Adamo Alina Schnake-Mahl Usama Bilal Jane Miller Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income Preventive Medicine Reports COVID-19 Vaccination Income Race-ethnicity Health inequities |
| title | Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income |
| title_full | Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income |
| title_fullStr | Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income |
| title_short | Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income |
| title_sort | spatial inequities in covid 19 vaccination in philadelphia by race and income |
| topic | COVID-19 Vaccination Income Race-ethnicity Health inequities |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335525001305 |
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