Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists
Current evidence suggests that the speed of an object influences its time-to-arrival (TTA) estimation; in particular, greater speeds are associated with more inaccurate TTA estimates, which yield higher-risk decisions about approaching persons or objects. This study aims to investigate the impacts o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Future Transportation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2025.1514936/full |
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| author | Sarah-Kate Millar Sarah-Kate Millar Benjamin Noël Mai Geisen Robert Rein Stefanie Klatt |
| author_facet | Sarah-Kate Millar Sarah-Kate Millar Benjamin Noël Mai Geisen Robert Rein Stefanie Klatt |
| author_sort | Sarah-Kate Millar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Current evidence suggests that the speed of an object influences its time-to-arrival (TTA) estimation; in particular, greater speeds are associated with more inaccurate TTA estimates, which yield higher-risk decisions about approaching persons or objects. This study aims to investigate the impacts of bike speed and additional factors like bike type and gender of the cyclist on TTA estimates in a naturalistic cycling setting. Two experiments were performed to examine the influences of speed on TTA estimations with conventional pedelecs and e-bikes. The results indicate that a combination of factors (experiment 1) involving cyclist gender, cycle speed, and only the arrival distance of the bike at the point of decision making (experiment 2) affect the accuracy of TTA estimation. However, the inclusion of additional information on the cycle speed (based on paint on the front wheel) has no positive (experiment 1) or negative (experiment 2) influence on the evaluation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0bb3ab6d48014a4c8e6d65a79e63ef55 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-5210 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Future Transportation |
| spelling | doaj-art-0bb3ab6d48014a4c8e6d65a79e63ef552025-08-20T03:19:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Future Transportation2673-52102025-06-01610.3389/ffutr.2025.15149361514936Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclistsSarah-Kate Millar0Sarah-Kate Millar1Benjamin Noël2Mai Geisen3Robert Rein4Stefanie Klatt5Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New ZealandAuckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New ZealandGerman Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, GermanyGerman Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, GermanyGerman Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, GermanyGerman Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, GermanyCurrent evidence suggests that the speed of an object influences its time-to-arrival (TTA) estimation; in particular, greater speeds are associated with more inaccurate TTA estimates, which yield higher-risk decisions about approaching persons or objects. This study aims to investigate the impacts of bike speed and additional factors like bike type and gender of the cyclist on TTA estimates in a naturalistic cycling setting. Two experiments were performed to examine the influences of speed on TTA estimations with conventional pedelecs and e-bikes. The results indicate that a combination of factors (experiment 1) involving cyclist gender, cycle speed, and only the arrival distance of the bike at the point of decision making (experiment 2) affect the accuracy of TTA estimation. However, the inclusion of additional information on the cycle speed (based on paint on the front wheel) has no positive (experiment 1) or negative (experiment 2) influence on the evaluation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2025.1514936/fulltime to arrivale-bikevision manipulationperceptionestimationelectric bicycle |
| spellingShingle | Sarah-Kate Millar Sarah-Kate Millar Benjamin Noël Mai Geisen Robert Rein Stefanie Klatt Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists Frontiers in Future Transportation time to arrival e-bike vision manipulation perception estimation electric bicycle |
| title | Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists |
| title_full | Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists |
| title_fullStr | Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists |
| title_short | Effects of speed, gender, and visual wheel modifications on time-to-arrival judgments of cyclists |
| title_sort | effects of speed gender and visual wheel modifications on time to arrival judgments of cyclists |
| topic | time to arrival e-bike vision manipulation perception estimation electric bicycle |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2025.1514936/full |
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