RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors
Gallotannin (GT) and GT-enriched extracts derived from various sources are reported to have anti-tumor activity in esophageal, colon and prostate tumors, although their anti-tumor effects have not been determined in lung carcinomas. To investigate the anti-tumor activity of GT-enriched extract of ga...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Pathology and Oncology Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.por-journal.com/articles/10.3389/pore.2021.588084/full |
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| author | Mi Ju Kang Ji Eun Kim Ji Won Park Hyun Jun Choi Su Ji Bae Sun Il Choi Jin Tae Hong Dae Youn Hwang |
| author_facet | Mi Ju Kang Ji Eun Kim Ji Won Park Hyun Jun Choi Su Ji Bae Sun Il Choi Jin Tae Hong Dae Youn Hwang |
| author_sort | Mi Ju Kang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gallotannin (GT) and GT-enriched extracts derived from various sources are reported to have anti-tumor activity in esophageal, colon and prostate tumors, although their anti-tumor effects have not been determined in lung carcinomas. To investigate the anti-tumor activity of GT-enriched extract of galla rhois (GEGR) against lung carcinomas, alterations in the cytotoxicity, apoptosis activation, cell cycle progression, migration ability, tumor growth, histopathological structure, and the regulation of signaling pathways were analyzed in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells and LLC1 tumor bearing C57BL/6NKorl mice, after exposure to GEGR. A high concentration of GT (69%) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50=7.922 µg/ml) was obtained in GEGR. GEGR treatment exerted strong cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and subsequent activation of apoptosis, as well as inhibitory effects on the MAPK pathway and PI3K/AKT mediated cell migration in LLC1 cells. In the in vivo syngeneic model, exposure to GEGR resulted in suppressed growth of the LLC1 tumors, as well as inhibition of NF-κB signaling and their inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results provide novel evidence that exposure to GEGR induces activation of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell migration via suppression of the MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in LLC1 cells and the LLC1 syngeneic model. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0b8b3c62bfee47b7975adba2d80f1969 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1532-2807 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Pathology and Oncology Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-0b8b3c62bfee47b7975adba2d80f19692025-08-20T03:07:23ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Pathology and Oncology Research1532-28072021-04-012710.3389/pore.2021.588084588084RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 TumorsMi Ju Kang0Ji Eun Kim1Ji Won Park2Hyun Jun Choi3Su Ji Bae4Sun Il Choi5Jin Tae Hong6Dae Youn Hwang7Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaDivision of Convergence Technology, Research Institute of National Cancer Center, Goyang, South KoreaCollege of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, KoreaDepartment of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, KoreaGallotannin (GT) and GT-enriched extracts derived from various sources are reported to have anti-tumor activity in esophageal, colon and prostate tumors, although their anti-tumor effects have not been determined in lung carcinomas. To investigate the anti-tumor activity of GT-enriched extract of galla rhois (GEGR) against lung carcinomas, alterations in the cytotoxicity, apoptosis activation, cell cycle progression, migration ability, tumor growth, histopathological structure, and the regulation of signaling pathways were analyzed in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells and LLC1 tumor bearing C57BL/6NKorl mice, after exposure to GEGR. A high concentration of GT (69%) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC50=7.922 µg/ml) was obtained in GEGR. GEGR treatment exerted strong cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and subsequent activation of apoptosis, as well as inhibitory effects on the MAPK pathway and PI3K/AKT mediated cell migration in LLC1 cells. In the in vivo syngeneic model, exposure to GEGR resulted in suppressed growth of the LLC1 tumors, as well as inhibition of NF-κB signaling and their inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results provide novel evidence that exposure to GEGR induces activation of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cell migration via suppression of the MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in LLC1 cells and the LLC1 syngeneic model.https://www.por-journal.com/articles/10.3389/pore.2021.588084/fullgalla rhoisgallotaninapoptosismigrationNF-kB signaling pathwaylung carcinoma |
| spellingShingle | Mi Ju Kang Ji Eun Kim Ji Won Park Hyun Jun Choi Su Ji Bae Sun Il Choi Jin Tae Hong Dae Youn Hwang RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors Pathology and Oncology Research galla rhois gallotanin apoptosis migration NF-kB signaling pathway lung carcinoma |
| title | RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors |
| title_full | RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors |
| title_short | RETRACTED: Effects of Gallotannin-Enriched Extract of Galla Rhois on the Activation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Migration Ability in LLC1 Cells and LLC1 Tumors |
| title_sort | retracted effects of gallotannin enriched extract of galla rhois on the activation of apoptosis cell cycle arrest and inhibition of migration ability in llc1 cells and llc1 tumors |
| topic | galla rhois gallotanin apoptosis migration NF-kB signaling pathway lung carcinoma |
| url | https://www.por-journal.com/articles/10.3389/pore.2021.588084/full |
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