Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives
<b>Background</b>: In the world, approximately 1% of the population suffers from chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), burdening patients’ quality of life and challenging clinicians in terms of treatment. Recent scientific evidence has unveiled the potential role of a family of molecules...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Angela Rizzi Federica Li Pomi Riccardo Inchingolo Marinella Viola Francesco Borgia Sebastiano Gangemi |
| author_facet | Angela Rizzi Federica Li Pomi Riccardo Inchingolo Marinella Viola Francesco Borgia Sebastiano Gangemi |
| author_sort | Angela Rizzi |
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| description | <b>Background</b>: In the world, approximately 1% of the population suffers from chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), burdening patients’ quality of life and challenging clinicians in terms of treatment. Recent scientific evidence has unveiled the potential role of a family of molecules known as “alarmins” in the pathogenesis of CSU. <b>Methods</b>: Papers focusing on the potential pathogenetic role of alarmins in CSU with diagnostic (as biomarkers) and therapeutic implications, in English and published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, as well as clinical studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT Public website, were reviewed. <b>Results</b>: The epithelial-derived alarmins thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 could be suitable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in CSU. The evidence on the role of non-epithelial-derived alarmins (heat shock proteins, S-100 proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, β-defensins, and acid uric to high-density lipoproteins ratio) is more heterogeneous and complex. <b>Conclusions</b>: More homogeneous studies on large cohorts, preferably supported by data from international registries, will be able to elucidate the intriguing and complex pathogenetic world of CSU. |
| format | Article |
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| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-0abc8c8a95294bf8894b9c0ece30605f2025-08-20T02:00:54ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592024-12-011212276510.3390/biomedicines12122765Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic PerspectivesAngela Rizzi0Federica Li Pomi1Riccardo Inchingolo2Marinella Viola3Francesco Borgia4Sebastiano Gangemi5UOSD Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, ItalyUOC Pneumologia, Dipartimento Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyUOSD Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy<b>Background</b>: In the world, approximately 1% of the population suffers from chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), burdening patients’ quality of life and challenging clinicians in terms of treatment. Recent scientific evidence has unveiled the potential role of a family of molecules known as “alarmins” in the pathogenesis of CSU. <b>Methods</b>: Papers focusing on the potential pathogenetic role of alarmins in CSU with diagnostic (as biomarkers) and therapeutic implications, in English and published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, as well as clinical studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov and the EudraCT Public website, were reviewed. <b>Results</b>: The epithelial-derived alarmins thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 could be suitable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets in CSU. The evidence on the role of non-epithelial-derived alarmins (heat shock proteins, S-100 proteins, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, β-defensins, and acid uric to high-density lipoproteins ratio) is more heterogeneous and complex. <b>Conclusions</b>: More homogeneous studies on large cohorts, preferably supported by data from international registries, will be able to elucidate the intriguing and complex pathogenetic world of CSU.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2765alarminsIL-33TSLPIL-25HSPS100 proteins |
| spellingShingle | Angela Rizzi Federica Li Pomi Riccardo Inchingolo Marinella Viola Francesco Borgia Sebastiano Gangemi Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives Biomedicines alarmins IL-33 TSLP IL-25 HSP S100 proteins |
| title | Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_full | Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_short | Alarmins in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: Immunological Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives |
| title_sort | alarmins in chronic spontaneous urticaria immunological insights and therapeutic perspectives |
| topic | alarmins IL-33 TSLP IL-25 HSP S100 proteins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/12/2765 |
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