Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection

The discovering new fungal strains, optimal production, and understanding the fundamental aspects of exopolysaccharides (EPs) are important to utilize them in an industrial, medical, and biotechnological perspective. In this study, the optimal conditions for EP production from seven basidiomycetous...

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Main Authors: Thanawut Chotmanee, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Rewat Phongphisutthinant, Supakit Chaipoot, Pairote Wiriyacharee, Arishabhas Tantibhadrasapa, Songbo Li, Parameth Thiennimitr, Saisamorn Lumyong
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Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1610403/full
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author Thanawut Chotmanee
Thanawut Chotmanee
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Supakit Chaipoot
Supakit Chaipoot
Pairote Wiriyacharee
Arishabhas Tantibhadrasapa
Songbo Li
Parameth Thiennimitr
Parameth Thiennimitr
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
author_facet Thanawut Chotmanee
Thanawut Chotmanee
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Supakit Chaipoot
Supakit Chaipoot
Pairote Wiriyacharee
Arishabhas Tantibhadrasapa
Songbo Li
Parameth Thiennimitr
Parameth Thiennimitr
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
author_sort Thanawut Chotmanee
collection DOAJ
description The discovering new fungal strains, optimal production, and understanding the fundamental aspects of exopolysaccharides (EPs) are important to utilize them in an industrial, medical, and biotechnological perspective. In this study, the optimal conditions for EP production from seven basidiomycetous fungal strains were investigated. The results indicated that six fungal species, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma fornicatum, G. williamsianum, Earliella scabrosa, Favolus tenuiculus, and Pycnoporus sanguineus, produced the highest EP yield in potato dextrose broth. The highest yield of EPs produced by Lentinus sajor-caju was obtained in mushroom complete medium broth. It was found that a pH value between 6 and 8 in the liquid culture media promoted EP production. The highest EP yield was obtained for 10 to 14 days which depends on fungal strain. Interestingly, this present study revealed the first report of EP production from G. fornicatum, G. williamsianum, E. scabrosa, F. tenuiculus, and P. sanguineus, including the genera Earliella and Favolus. The obtained crude EPs showed water solubilization ability. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited typical carbohydrate patterns in all crude EPs. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the crude EPs were primarily composed of glucose, followed by fructose, allose, and allulose, with variations depending on the fungal strain. Additionally, crude EPs demonstrated positive antioxidant potential. Finally, we determined the anti-Salmonella and immunomodulatory effects of crude EPs from S. commune, G. fornicatum, and L. sajor-caju due to their high EP yield. Pretreatment of mouse macrophages with these fungal EPs enhanced the phagocytic killing activity of Salmonella-infected macrophages. Upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages were detected in the fungal EPs-treated groups. Our study reported the optimizing conditions for EP production from several strains of Basidiomycetous fungi and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection.
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spelling doaj-art-0ab3cf9eed2a48bab1835b36ac84350e2025-08-20T03:31:20ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-06-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.16104031610403Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infectionThanawut Chotmanee0Thanawut Chotmanee1Nakarin Suwannarach2Nakarin Suwannarach3Nakarin Suwannarach4Jaturong Kumla5Jaturong Kumla6Jaturong Kumla7Rewat Phongphisutthinant8Rewat Phongphisutthinant9Supakit Chaipoot10Supakit Chaipoot11Pairote Wiriyacharee12Arishabhas Tantibhadrasapa13Songbo Li14Parameth Thiennimitr15Parameth Thiennimitr16Saisamorn Lumyong17Saisamorn Lumyong18Saisamorn Lumyong19Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandOffice of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandOffice of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandMultidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandMultidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCenter of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandAcademy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, ThailandThe discovering new fungal strains, optimal production, and understanding the fundamental aspects of exopolysaccharides (EPs) are important to utilize them in an industrial, medical, and biotechnological perspective. In this study, the optimal conditions for EP production from seven basidiomycetous fungal strains were investigated. The results indicated that six fungal species, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma fornicatum, G. williamsianum, Earliella scabrosa, Favolus tenuiculus, and Pycnoporus sanguineus, produced the highest EP yield in potato dextrose broth. The highest yield of EPs produced by Lentinus sajor-caju was obtained in mushroom complete medium broth. It was found that a pH value between 6 and 8 in the liquid culture media promoted EP production. The highest EP yield was obtained for 10 to 14 days which depends on fungal strain. Interestingly, this present study revealed the first report of EP production from G. fornicatum, G. williamsianum, E. scabrosa, F. tenuiculus, and P. sanguineus, including the genera Earliella and Favolus. The obtained crude EPs showed water solubilization ability. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited typical carbohydrate patterns in all crude EPs. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that the crude EPs were primarily composed of glucose, followed by fructose, allose, and allulose, with variations depending on the fungal strain. Additionally, crude EPs demonstrated positive antioxidant potential. Finally, we determined the anti-Salmonella and immunomodulatory effects of crude EPs from S. commune, G. fornicatum, and L. sajor-caju due to their high EP yield. Pretreatment of mouse macrophages with these fungal EPs enhanced the phagocytic killing activity of Salmonella-infected macrophages. Upregulations of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages were detected in the fungal EPs-treated groups. Our study reported the optimizing conditions for EP production from several strains of Basidiomycetous fungi and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1610403/fullantioxidant potentialfungal exopolysaccharideimmunomodulatoryliquid cultivationmushroom myceliumMDR Salmonella
spellingShingle Thanawut Chotmanee
Thanawut Chotmanee
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Nakarin Suwannarach
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Jaturong Kumla
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Rewat Phongphisutthinant
Supakit Chaipoot
Supakit Chaipoot
Pairote Wiriyacharee
Arishabhas Tantibhadrasapa
Songbo Li
Parameth Thiennimitr
Parameth Thiennimitr
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
Saisamorn Lumyong
Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
antioxidant potential
fungal exopolysaccharide
immunomodulatory
liquid cultivation
mushroom mycelium
MDR Salmonella
title Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
title_full Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
title_fullStr Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
title_full_unstemmed Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
title_short Exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against Salmonella infection
title_sort exopolysaccharide production by seven basidiomycetous fungi and their antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities against salmonella infection
topic antioxidant potential
fungal exopolysaccharide
immunomodulatory
liquid cultivation
mushroom mycelium
MDR Salmonella
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1610403/full
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