Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults
Abstract This study aimed to compare the immunological and immunogenetic profiles over a spectrum of childhood- and adulthood-onset T1D at diagnosis. The cross-sectional study involved participants with recently diagnosed T1D (n = 168), aged 2.9–68.2 years. HLA-II alleles, single nucleotide polymorp...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99664-8 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850206261853814784 |
|---|---|
| author | Kristi Alnek Aili Tagoma Kaja Metsküla Ija Talja Helis Janson Maire Mandel Tamara Vorobjova Astrid Oras Hanna Sepp Katrin Pruul Koit Reimand Tiia Simonen Aleksandr Peet Ingrid Reppo Kaia Tammiksaar Maire Lubi Kaire Heilman Ülle Einberg Kalle Kisand Margus Lember Vallo Tillmann Raivo Uibo |
| author_facet | Kristi Alnek Aili Tagoma Kaja Metsküla Ija Talja Helis Janson Maire Mandel Tamara Vorobjova Astrid Oras Hanna Sepp Katrin Pruul Koit Reimand Tiia Simonen Aleksandr Peet Ingrid Reppo Kaia Tammiksaar Maire Lubi Kaire Heilman Ülle Einberg Kalle Kisand Margus Lember Vallo Tillmann Raivo Uibo |
| author_sort | Kristi Alnek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study aimed to compare the immunological and immunogenetic profiles over a spectrum of childhood- and adulthood-onset T1D at diagnosis. The cross-sectional study involved participants with recently diagnosed T1D (n = 168), aged 2.9–68.2 years. HLA-II alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs2476601, rs3087243, rs1990760, rs13266634), thyroid and coeliac disease-related autoantibodies and anti-enterovirus antibodies (anti-EV) were analysed regarding the diabetes-associated autoantibodies’ (DAA) status and the age of participants. In the longitudinal study, 19 immune checkpoint gene expression levels in children (n = 25) aged 3.6–14.5 years were measured at diagnosis and 1 year after diagnosis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis was age-dependent. Older age increased the odds of being single DAA-positive (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.09), while anti-EV IgG positivity increased the odds of being multiple DAA-positive (adjusted OR 4.42; 95% CI 1.62–12.04). The DAA-negative T1D participants were older than the DAA-positive individuals. The checkpoint gene expression levels between the two time points were similar, but exhibited more pronounced variability at the time of diagnosis. These results confirm immunological variability in recent-onset T1D cases between children and adults and stress the importance of further research to define the comprehensive immunological profile of the disease age-related subgroups. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0aa31c4baca34ac48c6d62522831a78e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-0aa31c4baca34ac48c6d62522831a78e2025-08-20T02:10:53ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-99664-8Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adultsKristi Alnek0Aili Tagoma1Kaja Metsküla2Ija Talja3Helis Janson4Maire Mandel5Tamara Vorobjova6Astrid Oras7Hanna Sepp8Katrin Pruul9Koit Reimand10Tiia Simonen11Aleksandr Peet12Ingrid Reppo13Kaia Tammiksaar14Maire Lubi15Kaire Heilman16Ülle Einberg17Kalle Kisand18Margus Lember19Vallo Tillmann20Raivo Uibo21Department of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuChildren’s Clinic of Tartu University HospitalInternal Medicine Clinic of Tartu University HospitalInternal Medicine Clinic of Tartu University HospitalInternal Medicine Clinic of Tartu University HospitalTallinn Children’s HospitalTallinn Children’s HospitalDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuInternal Medicine Clinic of Tartu University HospitalChildren’s Clinic of Tartu University HospitalDepartment of Immunology, Institute of Bio- and Translational Medicine, University of TartuAbstract This study aimed to compare the immunological and immunogenetic profiles over a spectrum of childhood- and adulthood-onset T1D at diagnosis. The cross-sectional study involved participants with recently diagnosed T1D (n = 168), aged 2.9–68.2 years. HLA-II alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) (rs2476601, rs3087243, rs1990760, rs13266634), thyroid and coeliac disease-related autoantibodies and anti-enterovirus antibodies (anti-EV) were analysed regarding the diabetes-associated autoantibodies’ (DAA) status and the age of participants. In the longitudinal study, 19 immune checkpoint gene expression levels in children (n = 25) aged 3.6–14.5 years were measured at diagnosis and 1 year after diagnosis. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis was age-dependent. Older age increased the odds of being single DAA-positive (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.09), while anti-EV IgG positivity increased the odds of being multiple DAA-positive (adjusted OR 4.42; 95% CI 1.62–12.04). The DAA-negative T1D participants were older than the DAA-positive individuals. The checkpoint gene expression levels between the two time points were similar, but exhibited more pronounced variability at the time of diagnosis. These results confirm immunological variability in recent-onset T1D cases between children and adults and stress the importance of further research to define the comprehensive immunological profile of the disease age-related subgroups.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99664-8AdultsAutoantibodiesAutoantibody-negativeChildrenEnterovirus antibodiesHLA |
| spellingShingle | Kristi Alnek Aili Tagoma Kaja Metsküla Ija Talja Helis Janson Maire Mandel Tamara Vorobjova Astrid Oras Hanna Sepp Katrin Pruul Koit Reimand Tiia Simonen Aleksandr Peet Ingrid Reppo Kaia Tammiksaar Maire Lubi Kaire Heilman Ülle Einberg Kalle Kisand Margus Lember Vallo Tillmann Raivo Uibo Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults Scientific Reports Adults Autoantibodies Autoantibody-negative Children Enterovirus antibodies HLA |
| title | Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| title_full | Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| title_short | Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| title_sort | comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults |
| topic | Adults Autoantibodies Autoantibody-negative Children Enterovirus antibodies HLA |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99664-8 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kristialnek comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT ailitagoma comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT kajametskula comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT ijatalja comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT helisjanson comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT mairemandel comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT tamaravorobjova comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT astridoras comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT hannasepp comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT katrinpruul comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT koitreimand comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT tiiasimonen comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT aleksandrpeet comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT ingridreppo comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT kaiatammiksaar comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT mairelubi comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT kaireheilman comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT ulleeinberg comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT kallekisand comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT marguslember comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT vallotillmann comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults AT raivouibo comparisonofimmunologicalandimmunogeneticmarkersinrecentonsettype1diabetesamongchildrenandadults |