Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq

In the Middle East, a sustainable mobility system is crucial for sustainable development. However, there is a scarcity of quantitative investigations on sustainable transport indicators in the region, despite their significance to scholars. The central focus of this paper is to achieve two specific...

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Main Author: Hadeel Alsabbagh
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Sustainable Futures
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825003296
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author Hadeel Alsabbagh
author_facet Hadeel Alsabbagh
author_sort Hadeel Alsabbagh
collection DOAJ
description In the Middle East, a sustainable mobility system is crucial for sustainable development. However, there is a scarcity of quantitative investigations on sustainable transport indicators in the region, despite their significance to scholars. The central focus of this paper is to achieve two specific objectives: firstly, to construct a comprehensive set of sustainable transport indicators by reviewing 71 studies that highlight sustainability. Following that, these indicators will undergo quantitative evaluation through normalization and scoring on a scale of 0 to 10. These scores will then be utilized to compare Middle East cities with the Kurdistan Region, the European Union, and the world. The study database was developed using two distinct sources. The primary source consists of original articles published in reputable scientific journals, while the secondary source consists of open-source government datasets and data from international organizations such as the United Nations, International Energy Agency, and International Renewable Energy Agency. The proposed indicators are classified into city and country levels, since some indicators can only be measured on a global scale, and the average value has been utilized in the assessment. The proposed indicators rating shows that the sustainability score of Erbil City, the capital of the Kurdistan Region, is higher than the average score of Middle Eastern cities. However, at the global level, the Kurdistan Region has a sustainability score below the Middle East average, while the European Union outperforms at both city and global levels. Ultimately, potential policies were suggested to reinforce sustainable development endeavors in Erbil City.
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spelling doaj-art-0a684335cdd4424cb8f04b89c5897f4e2025-08-20T02:06:44ZengElsevierSustainable Futures2666-18882025-06-01910076310.1016/j.sftr.2025.100763Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, IraqHadeel Alsabbagh0College of Engineering, Department of Architecture, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, IraqIn the Middle East, a sustainable mobility system is crucial for sustainable development. However, there is a scarcity of quantitative investigations on sustainable transport indicators in the region, despite their significance to scholars. The central focus of this paper is to achieve two specific objectives: firstly, to construct a comprehensive set of sustainable transport indicators by reviewing 71 studies that highlight sustainability. Following that, these indicators will undergo quantitative evaluation through normalization and scoring on a scale of 0 to 10. These scores will then be utilized to compare Middle East cities with the Kurdistan Region, the European Union, and the world. The study database was developed using two distinct sources. The primary source consists of original articles published in reputable scientific journals, while the secondary source consists of open-source government datasets and data from international organizations such as the United Nations, International Energy Agency, and International Renewable Energy Agency. The proposed indicators are classified into city and country levels, since some indicators can only be measured on a global scale, and the average value has been utilized in the assessment. The proposed indicators rating shows that the sustainability score of Erbil City, the capital of the Kurdistan Region, is higher than the average score of Middle Eastern cities. However, at the global level, the Kurdistan Region has a sustainability score below the Middle East average, while the European Union outperforms at both city and global levels. Ultimately, potential policies were suggested to reinforce sustainable development endeavors in Erbil City.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825003296Sustainable developmentSustainable indicatorsThe Middle EastErbil city
spellingShingle Hadeel Alsabbagh
Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
Sustainable Futures
Sustainable development
Sustainable indicators
The Middle East
Erbil city
title Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
title_full Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
title_fullStr Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
title_full_unstemmed Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
title_short Toward a sustainable mobility system in Middle East cities: The case of Erbil city, Iraq
title_sort toward a sustainable mobility system in middle east cities the case of erbil city iraq
topic Sustainable development
Sustainable indicators
The Middle East
Erbil city
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825003296
work_keys_str_mv AT hadeelalsabbagh towardasustainablemobilitysysteminmiddleeastcitiesthecaseoferbilcityiraq