Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421
We present a comprehensive timing analysis of X-ray data from the XMM-Newton satellite, examining 50 light curves covering 17 yr of observations of the blazar Mrk 421. This work uses classical deterministic and stochastic methods in a novel way, enabling the distinction of temporal scales and offeri...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9b1 |
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| author | Radim Pánis Gopal Bhatta Tek P. Adhikari Maksym Mohorian Suvas Chandra Chaudhary Adithiya Dinesh Rajesh K. Bachchan Niraj Dhital Zdeněk Stuchlík |
| author_facet | Radim Pánis Gopal Bhatta Tek P. Adhikari Maksym Mohorian Suvas Chandra Chaudhary Adithiya Dinesh Rajesh K. Bachchan Niraj Dhital Zdeněk Stuchlík |
| author_sort | Radim Pánis |
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| description | We present a comprehensive timing analysis of X-ray data from the XMM-Newton satellite, examining 50 light curves covering 17 yr of observations of the blazar Mrk 421. This work uses classical deterministic and stochastic methods in a novel way, enabling the distinction of temporal scales and offering essential insights through correlations among parameters. Deterministic behaviors are primarily explored through recurrence quantification analysis, used innovatively by varying the threshold input parameter to examine variability at multiple temporal scales. To investigate the behavior across various scales from a stochastic perspective, we apply both autoregressive moving average and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, with the results from ARIMA being more tightly related to short scales. Our findings reveal that Mrk 421’s X-ray emission is a multifaceted process, driven by both deterministic and stochastic patterns, indicating a complex interplay of physical phenomena. Our study demonstrates that deterministic patterns are more pronounced at small temporal scales, which are disconnected from large scales. On the other hand, stochastic processes with memory propagate from large to small timescales, while noise affects both scales, as indicated by the correlation analysis. These results underscore the importance of using advanced methodologies for interpreting astrophysical data, contributing to ongoing discussions in blazar physics by exploring connections between our calculated parameters and established models. The same approach can potentially be applied to other sources, enhancing our general understanding of the variability and emission mechanisms in blazars. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0911ae00a23c47dc83f4a34e2a2b162d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-0911ae00a23c47dc83f4a34e2a2b162d2025-08-20T03:45:12ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01989110610.3847/1538-4357/ade9b1Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421Radim Pánis0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7614-7672Gopal Bhatta1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-6619Tek P. Adhikari2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-0744Maksym Mohorian3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-2945Suvas Chandra Chaudhary4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9126-1817Adithiya Dinesh5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3729-9048Rajesh K. Bachchan6Niraj Dhital7Zdeněk Stuchlík8Research Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics in Opava, Silesian University in Opava , Bezručovo nám. 13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech Republic ; radim.panis@physics.slu.czJanusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra , ul. Szafrana 2, 65-516 Zielona Góra, PolandCAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China ; tek@ustc.edu.cn; School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics Research Centre, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, AustraliaInter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics , Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Physics, University of the Free State , 205 Nelson Mandela Dr., Bloemfontein 9300, South AfricaIPARCOS and Department of EMFTEL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid, E-28040, SpainDepartment of Physics, Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University , Lalitpur 44700, NepalCentral Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University , Kirtipur 44613, NepalResearch Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics in Opava, Silesian University in Opava , Bezručovo nám. 13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech Republic ; radim.panis@physics.slu.czWe present a comprehensive timing analysis of X-ray data from the XMM-Newton satellite, examining 50 light curves covering 17 yr of observations of the blazar Mrk 421. This work uses classical deterministic and stochastic methods in a novel way, enabling the distinction of temporal scales and offering essential insights through correlations among parameters. Deterministic behaviors are primarily explored through recurrence quantification analysis, used innovatively by varying the threshold input parameter to examine variability at multiple temporal scales. To investigate the behavior across various scales from a stochastic perspective, we apply both autoregressive moving average and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, with the results from ARIMA being more tightly related to short scales. Our findings reveal that Mrk 421’s X-ray emission is a multifaceted process, driven by both deterministic and stochastic patterns, indicating a complex interplay of physical phenomena. Our study demonstrates that deterministic patterns are more pronounced at small temporal scales, which are disconnected from large scales. On the other hand, stochastic processes with memory propagate from large to small timescales, while noise affects both scales, as indicated by the correlation analysis. These results underscore the importance of using advanced methodologies for interpreting astrophysical data, contributing to ongoing discussions in blazar physics by exploring connections between our calculated parameters and established models. The same approach can potentially be applied to other sources, enhancing our general understanding of the variability and emission mechanisms in blazars.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9b1BlazarsActive galactic nucleiX-ray astronomyTime domain astronomyTime series analysis |
| spellingShingle | Radim Pánis Gopal Bhatta Tek P. Adhikari Maksym Mohorian Suvas Chandra Chaudhary Adithiya Dinesh Rajesh K. Bachchan Niraj Dhital Zdeněk Stuchlík Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 The Astrophysical Journal Blazars Active galactic nuclei X-ray astronomy Time domain astronomy Time series analysis |
| title | Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 |
| title_full | Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 |
| title_fullStr | Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 |
| title_short | Deterministic and Stochastic Study of the X-Ray Emission from the TeV Blazar Mrk 421 |
| title_sort | deterministic and stochastic study of the x ray emission from the tev blazar mrk 421 |
| topic | Blazars Active galactic nuclei X-ray astronomy Time domain astronomy Time series analysis |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade9b1 |
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