Contribución al conocimiento sobre la Taxonomía, distribución geográfica y ecología de la Tortuga "Bache" (Chelydra Serpentina Acutirostris) Contribución al conocimiento sobre la Taxonomía, distribución geográfica y ecología de la Tortuga "Bache" (Chelydra Serpentina Acutirostris)

1. Studies on the external morphological characters of Chelydra serpentina acutirostris are presented, the principal scope of which contributes to the knowledge about the taxonomic status of this form considered as a valid subspecies.<br />2. These characteristics are compared with those of th...

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Main Author: Medem Federico
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Universidad Nacional de Colombia 1977-12-01
Series:Caldasia
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Online Access:http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/cal/article/view/34380
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Summary:1. Studies on the external morphological characters of Chelydra serpentina acutirostris are presented, the principal scope of which contributes to the knowledge about the taxonomic status of this form considered as a valid subspecies.<br />2. These characteristics are compared with those of the other three subspecies, principally with Chelydra serpentina rossignonii.<br />3. Based on 18 specimens of acutirostris, mainly from Colombia, and 16 of rossignonii, mainly from Honduras, certain characters are re-evaluated.<br />4. The type specimens of the four living representatives of the genus Chelydra, commonly known as "Snapping Turtles", are as follows:<br />a) Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus), 1758.<br />Holotype: Originally deposited at the Museum Adolphi Friderici<br />Regis (Museum Drottningholmense), according to the Prodromus Stockholm, 1764, tom. II, p. 16, but presently lost (fide Andersson, 1900, pp. 4, 23).<br />b) Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters, 1962.<br />Holotype: ZBM 4500, hatchling, vicinity of Guayaquil, Ecuador,<br />Carl Reiss.<br />c) Chelydra serpentina rossignonii (Bocourt), 1868.<br />Syntypes: MNHNP 1501, 1501 A, hatchlings, swamp of Panzos,<br />vicinity of Rio Polochic, Guatemala, and MNHNP 1230, hatchling,<br />Mexico, without exact locality, datum and collectors.<br />d) Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger, 1918.<br />Holotype: USNM 10369, Clearwater, Pinellas County, Florida,<br />United States, September, 1879, S. T. Walker.<br />5. A redescription of the holotype of acutirostris is presented, and comparisons with the syntypes of rossignonii made.<br />6. Unfortunately, either the holotype or the syntypes all were described from hatchlings, many of the external morphological characters of which are markedly different from those of adults.<br />7. Certain external characters which are traditionally considered as constant in the keys of classification, although in reality they are not, but rather show a considerable variation, therefore they are of no taxonomic value in relation to an exact subspecific classification.<br />8. It is proposed to change the text of the existing keys as follows:<br />a) Chelydra serpentina acutirostris.<br />Length of anterior and lateral marginal shields equal to width in<br />juveniles, markedly greater than width in subadults and adults; epidermal protuberances of nucal-cervical region few and short, rounded and blunt; sub-mandibular barbels from a single to three pairs (2.6 barbels) ; gular shield divided; bridge covered by three infra-marginal shields in almost all specimens; snout narrow and pointed, extends markedly over the tip of mandible.<br />b) Chelydra serpentina rossignonii. Length of anterior and lateral marginal shields greater than width in adults and juveniles; epidermal protuberances of nucal-cervical<br />region abundant and large, flat and pointed; sub-mandibular barbels in two pairs (4 barbels) in most specimens; gular shield divided; bridge covered by three infra-marginal shields in virtually all specimens;&nbsp; snout narrow and pointed, extends markedly over tip of mandible.<br />9. As shown, there is only one easily discernible external character for distinguishing acutirostris from rossignonii: The configuration of the epidermal nucal-cervical protuberances. The relation between the length and width of the marginals -not constant in acutirostris, but constant in rossignonii- may also serve to a certain degree for distinction; however, they are not easily discernible since the corresponding measurements of each shield have to be taken.<br />10. Chelydra serpentina serpentina and serpentina osceola differ to a certain extent from acutirostris and rossignonii by configuration of snout, length of bridge, number of infra-marginals, and the presence of an entire gular shield in most specimens.<br />11. The epidermal protuberances are short, rounded and blunt in serpentina, but large, flat and pointed in osceola (first mentioned by Richmond, 1958, p. 42).<br />12. The validity of the taxonomic status is discussed. Boulenger (1902) and Vaillant (1911) did not accept acutirostris as a valid subspecies because the name was "not accompanied by an adequate description", and therefore used the name of rossignonii. The description given by Peters (op. cit., p.<br />627) is certainly not adequate; possibly he considered acutirostris as a mere variety since he wrote: "Chelydra serpentina var. acutirostris", Carr (1952, p. 71) considered osceola as "a weakly differenciated subspecies"; in contrast,<br />Richmond (op. cit., p. 43) even took it for a valid species on the base of comparative anatomical studies.<br />13. We prefer to agree with Carr, and think that it would be more realistic to consider the four forms of the genus Chelydra as local populations ("demes") rather than as good subspecies, in accordance to our present and still scattered knowledge.<br />14. The following data on the ecology and geographical distribution are given:<br />15. The habitat of acutirostris consists of quiet waters, such as swamps, marshes, ponds and lagoons; it also lives in the headwaters of rivers and creeks either in the tropical rain forests or in the open valleys (which certainly were covered by abundant gallery forests in past times).<br />16. No sexual dimorphism exists, but the ♂♂ grow larger than the ♀♀.<br />17. From observations made of specimens kept in captivity, periods of sexual activity take place in June, July and November.<br />18. The egg-laying season takes place in February in the area of lower R&iacute;o Atrato (Choc&oacute;); data from other regions are unknown.<br />19. About 27 - 30 either spherical or slightly ovoid hard-shelled eggs are laid in excavations made by the ♀ close to the waters. They measure between 3.5-3.3 and 3.9-3.2 centimeters; the weight was not taken.<br />20. The geographical distribution of acutirostris ranges from Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia into north-western Ecuador; the approximate limit to the south comprises the Guayas River System.<br />21. The exact limits of distribution -if any- of either acutirostris or rossignonii in Central America are unknown; as is true for osceola and serpentina in northern Florida (Carr, op. cit.), an overlapping zone possibly exists somewhere in Nicaragua or Costa Rica.<br />22. In Colombia, acutirostris -locally known as "la bache"- is to be found within the following areas:<br />a) Along the Pacific coast between Bah&iacute;a de Solano (Choc&oacute;] and R&iacute;o Mataje (Nari&ntilde;o) which latter forms the border with Ecuador.<br />b) In the Cauca Valley proper (Cauca and Valle).<br />c) In the region of Armenia (Quind&iacute;o) into which it evidently migrated from the Cauca Valley. Its migration into the Magdalena River System is blocked either by the Ca&ntilde;&oacute;n del Cauca, a gorge situated between the Cordillera Occidental and Central, or by the western slopes of the Quind&iacute;o Mountains which belong to the Cordillera Central.<br />d) On the Atlantic sector of the Choc&oacute;, between Ca&ntilde;o Negro, R&iacute;o Tanela, lower R&iacute;o Atrato and its tributary, R&iacute;o Truand&oacute;, as well as R&iacute;o Nercua, an affluent of the latter. Its presence on the middle and upper reaches of the Atrato is not proved but can be suspected.<br />e) On the upper Rio Sin&uacute; (C&oacute;rdoba), between Ca&ntilde;o Ju&iacute; in the vicinity of the village Tierralta and R&iacute;o Manso, the uppermost tributary of the Sin&uacute;.<br />23. No studies exist about its presence between the eastern shore of the Gulf of Urab&aacute; or Dari&eacute;n and Rio Sin&uacute;, but certainly it once migrated from the Choc&oacute; into the latter.<br />24. The center of evolution of the genus Chelydra apparently was situated in the United States, from where the migration took place during the Terciary. Fossils are known from the Pleistocene of the United States (Carr, op. cit.), but no fossil material was described from Colombia until now.<br />25. Many more studies, carried out with large series of adults of both sexes, juveniles, and especially with living specimens, are badly needed in order to clarify the still remaining problems concerning the taxonomy, ecology and geographical distribution of acutirostris and rossignonii.<br><p>1&ordm; Se presenta un estudio sobre Chelydra serpentina acutirostris, dando &eacute;nfasis a las caracter&iacute;sticas morfol&oacute;gicas externas, con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento sobre el estado taxon&oacute;mico de esta subespecie.<br />2&ordm; Se compara estas caracter&iacute;sticas con las de las dem&aacute;s subespecies del g&eacute;nero Chelydra, y especialmente con Chelydra serpentina rossignonii, procedente de la Am&eacute;rica Central.<br />3&ordm; Se hace una redescripci&oacute;n del hol&oacute;tipo de acutirostris (ZMB 4500) en comparaci&oacute;n con los tres s&iacute;ntipos de rossignonii (MNHNP 1501, MNHNP 1501 A y MNHNP 1230).<br />4&ordm; Resulta que tanto el hol&oacute;tipo como los s&iacute;ntipos han sido descritos a base de ejemplares reci&eacute;n nacidos, muchas de las caracter&iacute;sticas morfol&oacute;gicas externas son diferentes de las de los adultos.<br />5&ordm; A base de 18 ejemplares de acutirostris, procedentes en su gran mayor&iacute;a de Colombia, y 16 de rossignonii, procedentes principalmente de Honduras, ciertos caracteres externos son cr&iacute;ticamente evaluados.<br />6&ordm; En acutirostris, el n&uacute;mero de las b&aacute;rbulas submandibulares var&iacute;a entre uno solo y tres (3) pares, es decir, de 2 a 6 b&aacute;rbulas individuales.<br />7&ordm; En cambio, la gran mayor&iacute;a de los ejemplares de rossignonii tiene dos (2) pares de b&aacute;rbulas, es decir, 4 individuales,<br />8&ordm; Las protuberancias epidermales situadas en la regi&oacute;n nucal-cervical son pocas, redondeadas y romas en acutirostris; en cambio, abundantes, planas y puntiagudas en rossignonii.<br />9&ordm; El n&uacute;mero de las placas inframarginales del puente, el cual conecta el plastron con el carapax, son tres (3) en la mayor&iacute;a de los ejemplares, tanto en acutirostris como en rossignonii.<br />10. Comparando las otras dos subespecies, procedentes de los Estados Unidos, las protuberancias epidermales nucal-cervicales son redondeadas y romas en Chelydra serpentina serpentina, y planas y puntiagudas en Chelydra serpentina osceola.<br />11. El puente en serpentine y osceola es m&aacute;s corto que en acutirostris y rossignonii, y est&aacute; cubierto por dos placas inframarginales solamente en la gran mayor&iacute;a de los espec&iacute;menes.</p><p>12. En todos los ejemplares de acutirostris y rossignonii se encontraron dos (2) placas gulares; en cambio la mayor&iacute;a de los espec&iacute;menes de serpentina y osceola tiene la placa gular entera.</p><p>13. No se encontro una diferencia perceptible respecto a la forma de la cabeza y, especialmente, del hocico de acutirostris y rossignonii; es puntiagudo y sobresaliente en ambas; en cambio el hocico de serpentina y osceola es m&aacute;s corto y romo que en las dos subespecies tropicales, a&uacute;n en los juveniles.<br />14. Las escamas salientes y encrestadas, situadas en tres (3) hileras en la cola, var&iacute;an individualmente respecto a su forma y cantidad; no representan ning&uacute;n car&aacute;cter subespec&iacute;fico para distinguir acutirostris de rossignonii.<br />15. Las relaciones entre la longitud y el ancho de las placas marginales que bordean el carapax, tampoco tienen caracteres constantes en acutirostris es igual al ancho en los juveniles pero notablemente mayor que el ancho en los<br />adultos.<br />16. En cambio, la longitud de las marginales es mayor que el ancho en los juveniles y adultos de rossignonii.<br />17. Se discute el estado taxon&oacute;mico de las cuatro (4) formas del g&eacute;nero Chelydra, con &eacute;nfasis en acutirostris. Tanto Boulenger (1902) como Vaillant (1911) consideraron &eacute;sta como una subespecie no v&aacute;lida por "no estar acompa&ntilde;ada<br />por una descripci&oacute;n adecuada", y usaron el nombre de rossignonii.&nbsp; Igualmente, Carr (1952 consider&oacute; a osceola como "una subespecie d&eacute;bilmente definida", mientras Richmond (1958), a base de estudios anat&oacute;micos comparados, est&aacute; convencido que representa no solamente una subespecie sino una especie v&aacute;lida.<br />18. Estamos de acuerdo con Carr, por raz&oacute;n de que la mayor&iacute;a de los caracteres, considerados como constantes y por eso de valor taxon&oacute;mico, no lo son. Para distinguir acutirostris de rossignonii existe un solo car&aacute;cter morfol&oacute;gico externo f&aacute;cilmente discernible: la configuraci&oacute;n de las protuberancias epidermales nucal-cervicales.&nbsp; El n&uacute;mero de las b&aacute;rbulas submandibulares es muy variable en acutirostris pero m&aacute;s constante en rossignonii, mientras la relaci&oacute;n entre la longitud y el ancho de las marginales es constante en rossignonii pero no en acutirostris; adem&aacute;s, no es f&aacute;cilmente discernible, sino hay que tomar las dimensiones correspondientes.<br />19. se propone un cambio del texto de las claves de determinaci&oacute;n taxon&oacute;mica para acutirostris y rossignonii.<br />20. Se llega a la conclusi&oacute;n que las cuatro (4) formas de Chelydra no representan subespecies bien definidas, sino m&aacute;s bien populaciones locales ("demes") .<br />21. El habitat de acutirostris consiste en las aguas mansas; su nicho ecol&oacute;gico, sin embargo, no est&aacute; estrechamente restringido. Vive tanto en las lagunas, pozos y cabeceras de los ca&ntilde;os dentro del habitat denominado como "selva tropical pluvial", como en los inmensos esteros de la costa del Pac&iacute;fico y en los lagos y remansos de los valles abiertos (los cuales, posibleme han sido cubiertos parcialmente por bosques en los tiempos pasados.<br />22. No existe un dimorfismo sexual discernible, en contraste con la mayor&iacute;a de las dem&aacute;s Testudines; sin embargo, los ♂♂ crecen m&aacute;s grandes que las ♀♀.<br />23. La &eacute;poca de celo se efect&uacute;a en junio, julio y noviembre, seg&uacute;n las observaciones hechas con ejemplares mantenidos en cautividad.<br />24. El per&iacute;odo de anidaci&oacute;n se efect&uacute;a en febrero en el bajo Atrato (Choc&oacute;); faltan los datos correspondientes de las dem&aacute;s regiones.<br />25. Se encontraron hasta 27 huevos de forma circular o ligeramente ovaloide; miden de 3.5 - 3.3 cm a 3.9 - 3.2 cm. No se tom&oacute; el peso.<br />26. La distribuci&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fica de Chelydra serpentina acutirostris abarca el &aacute;rea entre Costa Rica, Panam&aacute;, Colombia y el Ecuador. El limite aproximado hacia el sur es la hoya del r&iacute;o Guayas, que desemboca en la bahia de Guayaquil.<br />27. En Colombia se encuentra en las siguientes areas:<br />a) La costa del Pac&iacute;fico, desde el r&iacute;o Valle (Choc&oacute;) hasta el r&iacute;o Mataje (Nari&ntilde;o), situado en la frontera entre Colombia y Ecuador.<br />b) El Valle del Cauca propiamente dicho.<br />c) La region de Armenia (Quind&iacute;o). Su migraci&oacute;n hacia la hoya del Magdalena est&aacute; inhibida por dos (2) barreras naturales: el ca&ntilde;&oacute;n del Cauca y la vertiente occidental del Quind&iacute;o.<br />d) En la regi&oacute;n occidental del golfo de Urab&aacute; (Choc&oacute;) y en el bajo Atrato y sus afluentes.<br />e) En el alto Sin&uacute; (C&oacute;rdoba), desde el ca&ntilde;o Ju&iacute; hasta el r&iacute;o Manso.<br />28. El g&eacute;nero Chelydra ten&iacute;a su centro de evoluci&oacute;n en el norte, de donde ha migrado hacia el sur durante el per&iacute;odo del Terciario.&nbsp; F&oacute;siles de acutirostris, procedentes de Colombia, son todav&iacute;a desconocidos.</p>
ISSN:0366-5232