A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity
Implantable telemetry biosensors have become powerful tools for continuous physiological monitoring with minimal animal perturbation. However, commercially available implants are relatively oversized for small animals such as mice and have limited transmission range, leading to concerns about animal...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Wendi Shi Hao Huang Xueting Sun Qihui Jia Yu Zhou Maohua Zhu Mingqiang Tian Zhuofan Li Zepeng Zhang Tongfei A. Wang Lei Zhang |
| author_facet | Wendi Shi Hao Huang Xueting Sun Qihui Jia Yu Zhou Maohua Zhu Mingqiang Tian Zhuofan Li Zepeng Zhang Tongfei A. Wang Lei Zhang |
| author_sort | Wendi Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Implantable telemetry biosensors have become powerful tools for continuous physiological monitoring with minimal animal perturbation. However, commercially available implants are relatively oversized for small animals such as mice and have limited transmission range, leading to concerns about animal welfare, experiment scenarios, and the reliability of the data. In this study, we designed a telemetry system that tracks the animals’ body temperature and locomotor activity in real time. The implant integrates a temperature sensor with a 3-axis accelerometer and is capable of wirelessly transmitting data over a 40 m mesh network. The implant’s temperature performance was evaluated in bench tests, showing a response rate of 0.2 °C/s, drift ≤ 0.03 °C within 31 days, and a standard deviation of 0.035 °C across three identically designed implants. Meanwhile, the in vivo implant’s locomotion recordings showed strong agreement with computer vision analysis with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.95 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and their body temperature recordings were aligned to differential states of rest, exercise, or post-exercise recovery. The results demonstrate stable and highly accurate performance over the 30-day implantation period. Its ability to minimize behavioral interference while enabling long-term continuous monitoring highlights its value in both biomedical and animal behavior research. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-09076a3f2b2e45cf92e8a64bee459ece |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-09076a3f2b2e45cf92e8a64bee459ece2025-08-20T03:27:13ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542025-06-0112667310.3390/bioengineering12060673A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor ActivityWendi Shi0Hao Huang1Xueting Sun2Qihui Jia3Yu Zhou4Maohua Zhu5Mingqiang Tian6Zhuofan Li7Zepeng Zhang8Tongfei A. Wang9Lei Zhang10Beijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaNeuCyber NeuroTech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaBeijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102206, ChinaImplantable telemetry biosensors have become powerful tools for continuous physiological monitoring with minimal animal perturbation. However, commercially available implants are relatively oversized for small animals such as mice and have limited transmission range, leading to concerns about animal welfare, experiment scenarios, and the reliability of the data. In this study, we designed a telemetry system that tracks the animals’ body temperature and locomotor activity in real time. The implant integrates a temperature sensor with a 3-axis accelerometer and is capable of wirelessly transmitting data over a 40 m mesh network. The implant’s temperature performance was evaluated in bench tests, showing a response rate of 0.2 °C/s, drift ≤ 0.03 °C within 31 days, and a standard deviation of 0.035 °C across three identically designed implants. Meanwhile, the in vivo implant’s locomotion recordings showed strong agreement with computer vision analysis with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.95 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and their body temperature recordings were aligned to differential states of rest, exercise, or post-exercise recovery. The results demonstrate stable and highly accurate performance over the 30-day implantation period. Its ability to minimize behavioral interference while enabling long-term continuous monitoring highlights its value in both biomedical and animal behavior research.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/6/673telemetry systemimplantable biosensorsphysiological monitoring |
| spellingShingle | Wendi Shi Hao Huang Xueting Sun Qihui Jia Yu Zhou Maohua Zhu Mingqiang Tian Zhuofan Li Zepeng Zhang Tongfei A. Wang Lei Zhang A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity Bioengineering telemetry system implantable biosensors physiological monitoring |
| title | A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity |
| title_full | A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity |
| title_fullStr | A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity |
| title_short | A Miniaturized Implantable Telemetry Biosensor for the Long-Term Dual-Modality Monitoring of Core Temperature and Locomotor Activity |
| title_sort | miniaturized implantable telemetry biosensor for the long term dual modality monitoring of core temperature and locomotor activity |
| topic | telemetry system implantable biosensors physiological monitoring |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/6/673 |
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