A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula>
A calibration-free first harmonic (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>) wavelength modulation spectroscopy (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS) tec...
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2018-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Photonics Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8546777/ |
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| author | Abhishek Upadhyay Michael Lengden David Wilson Gordon Samuel Humphries Andrew P. Crayford Daniel G. Pugh Mark P. Johnson George Stewart Walter Johnstone |
| author_facet | Abhishek Upadhyay Michael Lengden David Wilson Gordon Samuel Humphries Andrew P. Crayford Daniel G. Pugh Mark P. Johnson George Stewart Walter Johnstone |
| author_sort | Abhishek Upadhyay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A calibration-free first harmonic (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>) wavelength modulation spectroscopy (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS) technique for gas species parameter measurement is demonstrated. In this technique, the total magnitude of the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS signal is normalized by a component of the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> residual amplitude modulation signal. This method preserves the advantages of the traditional <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$nf\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n\geq 2$</tex-math></inline-formula>) technique, such as the immunity to the non-absorbing systematic losses and the accurate recovery of gas parameters, without the requirement for non-absorbing regions for normalization at high pressure or high modulation index values (<italic>m</italic>-values). The proposed technique only requires the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> signal, which has the largest magnitude of all the harmonics signals, and, therefore, fundamentally has a higher sensitivity to the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$nf\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula> technique. Furthermore, since only the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS signal is used, the technique is less complex in terms of signal processing and data acquisition. This paper also shows a comparison of the proposed technique and 2<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>/1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> for measuring CO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the exhaust of a combuster. The data highlight how nonlinearities in the optical detection system as a function of frequency have a considerable effect on the recovered <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2f\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula> spectra, causing variation in the recovered gas concentrations. This effect is not seen in the methodology proposed in this paper. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-08f51f8bb50449568cdd4f34db8bfce5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1943-0655 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
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| series | IEEE Photonics Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-08f51f8bb50449568cdd4f34db8bfce52025-08-20T02:41:49ZengIEEEIEEE Photonics Journal1943-06552018-01-0110611110.1109/JPHOT.2018.28835488546777A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Abhishek Upadhyay0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0963-7652Michael Lengden1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9122-9462David Wilson2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-6243Gordon Samuel Humphries3Andrew P. Crayford4Daniel G. Pugh5Mark P. Johnson6George Stewart7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-6971Walter Johnstone8Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Gas Turbine Research Centre, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.Gas Turbine Research Centre, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.Rolls-Royce plc., Derby, U.K.Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K.A calibration-free first harmonic (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>) wavelength modulation spectroscopy (1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS) technique for gas species parameter measurement is demonstrated. In this technique, the total magnitude of the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS signal is normalized by a component of the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> residual amplitude modulation signal. This method preserves the advantages of the traditional <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$nf\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n\geq 2$</tex-math></inline-formula>) technique, such as the immunity to the non-absorbing systematic losses and the accurate recovery of gas parameters, without the requirement for non-absorbing regions for normalization at high pressure or high modulation index values (<italic>m</italic>-values). The proposed technique only requires the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> signal, which has the largest magnitude of all the harmonics signals, and, therefore, fundamentally has a higher sensitivity to the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$nf\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula> technique. Furthermore, since only the 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS signal is used, the technique is less complex in terms of signal processing and data acquisition. This paper also shows a comparison of the proposed technique and 2<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>/1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula> for measuring CO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the exhaust of a combuster. The data highlight how nonlinearities in the optical detection system as a function of frequency have a considerable effect on the recovered <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2f\!/\!1f$</tex-math></inline-formula> spectra, causing variation in the recovered gas concentrations. This effect is not seen in the methodology proposed in this paper.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8546777/Wavelength modulation spectroscopyCalibration-free TDLS1<inline-formula xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>-WMS |
| spellingShingle | Abhishek Upadhyay Michael Lengden David Wilson Gordon Samuel Humphries Andrew P. Crayford Daniel G. Pugh Mark P. Johnson George Stewart Walter Johnstone A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> IEEE Photonics Journal Wavelength modulation spectroscopy Calibration-free TDLS 1<inline-formula xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>-WMS |
| title | A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> |
| title_full | A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> |
| title_fullStr | A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> |
| title_short | A New RAM Normalized 1<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$</tex-math></inline-formula>-WMS Technique for the Measurement of Gas Parameters in Harsh Environments and a Comparison With <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${2f\!/\!1f}$</tex-math></inline-formula> |
| title_sort | new ram normalized 1 inline formula tex math notation latex f tex math inline formula wms technique for the measurement of gas parameters in harsh environments and a comparison with inline formula tex math notation latex 2f 1f tex math inline formula |
| topic | Wavelength modulation spectroscopy Calibration-free TDLS 1<inline-formula xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${f}$</tex-math> </inline-formula>-WMS |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8546777/ |
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