The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits

IntroductionConstruction of an animal model of rabbit anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) near isometric reconstruction is a basic condition to study the patterns of graft stress and tendon to bone healing. The impact of alterations in the bone tunnel entrance within the femoral footprint region on gra...

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Main Authors: Jiating Zhang, Chengfeng Xu, Jiangtao Wang, Jia Zhang, Gang Zhao, Liu Liu, Chunbao Li, Yujie Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Surgery
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2025.1571180/full
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author Jiating Zhang
Jiating Zhang
Chengfeng Xu
Jiangtao Wang
Jia Zhang
Gang Zhao
Liu Liu
Chunbao Li
Yujie Liu
Yujie Liu
author_facet Jiating Zhang
Jiating Zhang
Chengfeng Xu
Jiangtao Wang
Jia Zhang
Gang Zhao
Liu Liu
Chunbao Li
Yujie Liu
Yujie Liu
author_sort Jiating Zhang
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionConstruction of an animal model of rabbit anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) near isometric reconstruction is a basic condition to study the patterns of graft stress and tendon to bone healing. The impact of alterations in the bone tunnel entrance within the femoral footprint region on graft tension remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the femoral tunnel entrance that provides the closest approximation to near-isometric reconstruction within the femoral ACL footprint.Materials and methodsEighteen Cadaveric rabbit knees were used in this experiment. The semitendinosus autografts were employed for ACL reconstruction. Six knees were reconstructed using the middle position of the femoral footprint area as the entrance (Mi-tunnel), six knees used a position 2 mm anterior to the middle (An-tunnel), and six knees used a position 2 mm posterior to the middle (Po-tunnel). All grafts were pretensioned with 10 N at 150° and 90° flexion and firmly fixed at the tibial end. The change in graft strain was measured under maximum flexion and extension in the rabbit knee joints.ResultsUnder a maximum flexion of 150° and 10 N pretension, the graft strain decreased significantly during knee extension in the An-tunnel and Mi-tunnel groups and there was no significant decrease in the Po-tunnel group. There were significant differences in graft strain between the Po-tunnel and An-tunnel during knee extension at 135°–35° (P < 0.05). Under 90° flexion and 10 N pretension, the Po-tunnel group showed a minimal change in graft strain compared to the An-tunnel and Mi-tunnel groups with knee extension and flexion (135°–35°) except at the initial pretension Angle. There was a statistically significant difference in graft tension when the Po-tunnel compared to the An-tunnel (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe Po-tunnel within the femoral footprint region may be the best choice for ACL near isometric reconstruction in rabbits.
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spelling doaj-art-08544891292d405a8d1e91ff990547802025-08-20T03:28:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Surgery2296-875X2025-07-011210.3389/fsurg.2025.15711801571180The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbitsJiating Zhang0Jiating Zhang1Chengfeng Xu2Jiangtao Wang3Jia Zhang4Gang Zhao5Liu Liu6Chunbao Li7Yujie Liu8Yujie Liu9Emergency Surgery Department, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Graduate Studies, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Orthopedics, The Forth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Graduate Studies, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Graduate Studies, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Graduate Studies, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, ChinaPhysical and Chemical Laboratory, Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Orthopedics, The Forth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSenior Department of Orthopedics, The Forth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Orthopedics, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Hai Nan, ChinaIntroductionConstruction of an animal model of rabbit anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) near isometric reconstruction is a basic condition to study the patterns of graft stress and tendon to bone healing. The impact of alterations in the bone tunnel entrance within the femoral footprint region on graft tension remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the femoral tunnel entrance that provides the closest approximation to near-isometric reconstruction within the femoral ACL footprint.Materials and methodsEighteen Cadaveric rabbit knees were used in this experiment. The semitendinosus autografts were employed for ACL reconstruction. Six knees were reconstructed using the middle position of the femoral footprint area as the entrance (Mi-tunnel), six knees used a position 2 mm anterior to the middle (An-tunnel), and six knees used a position 2 mm posterior to the middle (Po-tunnel). All grafts were pretensioned with 10 N at 150° and 90° flexion and firmly fixed at the tibial end. The change in graft strain was measured under maximum flexion and extension in the rabbit knee joints.ResultsUnder a maximum flexion of 150° and 10 N pretension, the graft strain decreased significantly during knee extension in the An-tunnel and Mi-tunnel groups and there was no significant decrease in the Po-tunnel group. There were significant differences in graft strain between the Po-tunnel and An-tunnel during knee extension at 135°–35° (P < 0.05). Under 90° flexion and 10 N pretension, the Po-tunnel group showed a minimal change in graft strain compared to the An-tunnel and Mi-tunnel groups with knee extension and flexion (135°–35°) except at the initial pretension Angle. There was a statistically significant difference in graft tension when the Po-tunnel compared to the An-tunnel (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe Po-tunnel within the femoral footprint region may be the best choice for ACL near isometric reconstruction in rabbits.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2025.1571180/fullACL isometric reconstructionfemoral tunnel entrancegraft straintunnel positionisometric
spellingShingle Jiating Zhang
Jiating Zhang
Chengfeng Xu
Jiangtao Wang
Jia Zhang
Gang Zhao
Liu Liu
Chunbao Li
Yujie Liu
Yujie Liu
The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
Frontiers in Surgery
ACL isometric reconstruction
femoral tunnel entrance
graft strain
tunnel position
isometric
title The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
title_full The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
title_fullStr The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
title_full_unstemmed The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
title_short The impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric ACL reconstruction in rabbits
title_sort impact of bone channel entrance selection within the footprint region of the femoral anterior cruciate ligament on the achievement of near isometric acl reconstruction in rabbits
topic ACL isometric reconstruction
femoral tunnel entrance
graft strain
tunnel position
isometric
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2025.1571180/full
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