Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters

Recent literature reports a color deviation between observed Gaia color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and theoretical model isochrone predictions, particularly in the very low-mass regime. To assess its impact on cluster age determination via isochrone fitting, we quantified the color deviations for thr...

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Main Authors: Fan Wang, Min Fang, Xiaoting Fu, Yang Chen, Lu Li, Xiaoying Pang, Zhongmu Li, Jing Tang, Wenyuan Cui, Haijun Tian, Chao Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:The Astrophysical Journal
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad960a
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author Fan Wang
Min Fang
Xiaoting Fu
Yang Chen
Lu Li
Xiaoying Pang
Zhongmu Li
Jing Tang
Wenyuan Cui
Haijun Tian
Chao Liu
author_facet Fan Wang
Min Fang
Xiaoting Fu
Yang Chen
Lu Li
Xiaoying Pang
Zhongmu Li
Jing Tang
Wenyuan Cui
Haijun Tian
Chao Liu
author_sort Fan Wang
collection DOAJ
description Recent literature reports a color deviation between observed Gaia color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and theoretical model isochrone predictions, particularly in the very low-mass regime. To assess its impact on cluster age determination via isochrone fitting, we quantified the color deviations for three benchmark clusters, Hyades, Pleiades, and Praesepe, both for the Gaia color (BP − RP) and ( G − RP). In general, the ( G − RP) color deviations are smaller than the (BP − RP) ones. Empirical color-correction functions based on these benchmarks are derived for the currently available MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks and PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code (PARSEC) 1.2S isochrone models. Applying the correction functions to 31 additional open clusters and 3 moving groups results in a significantly improved alignment between the isochrones and observed CMDs. With our empirical corrections, isochrones provide age estimates consistent with literature values obtained through the spectral lithium depletion boundary method, validating the effectiveness of our approach. The corresponding metallicities with PARSEC 1.2S also show a good agreement with the spectroscopic results. The empirical color-correction function we present in this work offers a tool for a consistent age determination within the full mass range of stellar clusters using the isochrone fitting method.
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spelling doaj-art-085137db14c348b9ab1de02fc8faef2a2025-08-20T02:07:59ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0197919210.3847/1538-4357/ad960aEmpirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open ClustersFan Wang0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-3671Min Fang1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8060-1321Xiaoting Fu2Yang Chen3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3759-1487Lu Li4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-3380Xiaoying Pang5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-2263Zhongmu Li6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0240-6130Jing Tang7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-6716Wenyuan Cui8Haijun Tian9Chao Liu10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-6917Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China ; mfang@pmo.ac.cn; University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaPurple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China ; mfang@pmo.ac.cn; University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaPurple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China ; mfang@pmo.ac.cn; University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University , 230601, Hefei, People’s Republic of ChinaKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology , Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University , 111 Ren’ai Road, Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Astrophysics, Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute of Astronomy, Dali University , Dali 671003, People’s Republic of ChinaNational Astronomical Observatories , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCollege of Physics, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University , Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of China; Zhejiang Branch of National Astronomical Data Center , Hangzhou 310018, People’s Republic of ChinaNational Astronomical Observatories , Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaRecent literature reports a color deviation between observed Gaia color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and theoretical model isochrone predictions, particularly in the very low-mass regime. To assess its impact on cluster age determination via isochrone fitting, we quantified the color deviations for three benchmark clusters, Hyades, Pleiades, and Praesepe, both for the Gaia color (BP − RP) and ( G − RP). In general, the ( G − RP) color deviations are smaller than the (BP − RP) ones. Empirical color-correction functions based on these benchmarks are derived for the currently available MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks and PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code (PARSEC) 1.2S isochrone models. Applying the correction functions to 31 additional open clusters and 3 moving groups results in a significantly improved alignment between the isochrones and observed CMDs. With our empirical corrections, isochrones provide age estimates consistent with literature values obtained through the spectral lithium depletion boundary method, validating the effectiveness of our approach. The corresponding metallicities with PARSEC 1.2S also show a good agreement with the spectroscopic results. The empirical color-correction function we present in this work offers a tool for a consistent age determination within the full mass range of stellar clusters using the isochrone fitting method.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad960aOpen star clustersStellar colorsStellar associationsStellar evolutionary tracks
spellingShingle Fan Wang
Min Fang
Xiaoting Fu
Yang Chen
Lu Li
Xiaoying Pang
Zhongmu Li
Jing Tang
Wenyuan Cui
Haijun Tian
Chao Liu
Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
The Astrophysical Journal
Open star clusters
Stellar colors
Stellar associations
Stellar evolutionary tracks
title Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
title_full Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
title_fullStr Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
title_full_unstemmed Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
title_short Empirical Color Correction to MIST and PARSEC Isochrones on Gaia BR − RP and G − RP with Benchmark Open Clusters
title_sort empirical color correction to mist and parsec isochrones on gaia br rp and g rp with benchmark open clusters
topic Open star clusters
Stellar colors
Stellar associations
Stellar evolutionary tracks
url https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad960a
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