Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy

Thyroid gland size increases during pregnancy due to physiological changes. 2–3% of pregnancies, a thyroid nodule (TN) may either newly develop or an existing one may increase in size. Factors such as age, parity, and iodine status can influence the development of TN. Surveillance of TN in pregnancy...

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Main Authors: Sanja Medenica, Durairaj Arjunan, Violeta Mladenovic, Nikola Zankovic, Slavica Aksam, Zoran Gluvic, Pinaki Dutta
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Gynecological Endocrinology
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09513590.2025.2517878
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author Sanja Medenica
Durairaj Arjunan
Violeta Mladenovic
Nikola Zankovic
Slavica Aksam
Zoran Gluvic
Pinaki Dutta
author_facet Sanja Medenica
Durairaj Arjunan
Violeta Mladenovic
Nikola Zankovic
Slavica Aksam
Zoran Gluvic
Pinaki Dutta
author_sort Sanja Medenica
collection DOAJ
description Thyroid gland size increases during pregnancy due to physiological changes. 2–3% of pregnancies, a thyroid nodule (TN) may either newly develop or an existing one may increase in size. Factors such as age, parity, and iodine status can influence the development of TN. Surveillance of TN in pregnancy is essentially similar to that of the general population as it is contraindicated. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be delayed until after delivery unless malignancy is suspected. Surgery is reserved for severe cases, those with rapid growth, or those with suspicious features. Surgery is typically performed during the second trimester. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer during pregnancy, which ranks second among cancers affecting pregnant women. Given the challenges involved, the prognosis is still favorable, have minimal impact on survival rates or recurrence. Treatment guidelines suggest regular monitoring of TSH and thyroid ultrasound (TUS), ensuring careful management of TC, especially in cases of aggressive.
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series Gynecological Endocrinology
spelling doaj-art-08509dc1c98045d784de5ab27d16e9742025-08-20T03:21:12ZengTaylor & Francis GroupGynecological Endocrinology0951-35901473-07662025-12-0141110.1080/09513590.2025.2517878Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancySanja Medenica0Durairaj Arjunan1Violeta Mladenovic2Nikola Zankovic3Slavica Aksam4Zoran Gluvic5Pinaki Dutta6Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, MontenegroDepartment of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IndiaClinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, SerbiaDepartment of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, MontenegroClinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, SerbiaDivision of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IndiaThyroid gland size increases during pregnancy due to physiological changes. 2–3% of pregnancies, a thyroid nodule (TN) may either newly develop or an existing one may increase in size. Factors such as age, parity, and iodine status can influence the development of TN. Surveillance of TN in pregnancy is essentially similar to that of the general population as it is contraindicated. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be delayed until after delivery unless malignancy is suspected. Surgery is reserved for severe cases, those with rapid growth, or those with suspicious features. Surgery is typically performed during the second trimester. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer during pregnancy, which ranks second among cancers affecting pregnant women. Given the challenges involved, the prognosis is still favorable, have minimal impact on survival rates or recurrence. Treatment guidelines suggest regular monitoring of TSH and thyroid ultrasound (TUS), ensuring careful management of TC, especially in cases of aggressive.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09513590.2025.2517878Thyroid glandpregnancythyroid nodulesthyroid cancerthyroid ultrasonographyfine needle aspiration cytology
spellingShingle Sanja Medenica
Durairaj Arjunan
Violeta Mladenovic
Nikola Zankovic
Slavica Aksam
Zoran Gluvic
Pinaki Dutta
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
Gynecological Endocrinology
Thyroid gland
pregnancy
thyroid nodules
thyroid cancer
thyroid ultrasonography
fine needle aspiration cytology
title Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
title_full Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
title_fullStr Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
title_full_unstemmed Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
title_short Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
title_sort thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy
topic Thyroid gland
pregnancy
thyroid nodules
thyroid cancer
thyroid ultrasonography
fine needle aspiration cytology
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09513590.2025.2517878
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AT nikolazankovic thyroidnodulesandthyroidcancerinpregnancy
AT slavicaaksam thyroidnodulesandthyroidcancerinpregnancy
AT zorangluvic thyroidnodulesandthyroidcancerinpregnancy
AT pinakidutta thyroidnodulesandthyroidcancerinpregnancy