ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning

Time series anomaly detection in streaming environments faces persistent challenges due to concept drift, which gradually degrades model reliability. In this paper, we propose Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-based Incremental Learning (ADDAEIL), an unsupervised anomaly detection framewor...

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Main Authors: Danlei Li, Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair, Kevin I-Kai Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Algorithms
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359
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author Danlei Li
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
Kevin I-Kai Wang
author_facet Danlei Li
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
Kevin I-Kai Wang
author_sort Danlei Li
collection DOAJ
description Time series anomaly detection in streaming environments faces persistent challenges due to concept drift, which gradually degrades model reliability. In this paper, we propose Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-based Incremental Learning (ADDAEIL), an unsupervised anomaly detection framework that incrementally adapts to concept drift in non-stationary streaming time series data. ADDAEIL integrates a hybrid drift detection mechanism that combines statistical distribution tests with structural-based performance evaluation of base detectors in Isolation Forest. This design enables unsupervised detection and continuous adaptation to evolving data patterns. Based on the estimated drift intensity, an adaptive update strategy selectively replaces degraded base detectors. This allows the anomaly detection model to incorporate new information while preserving useful historical behavior. Experiments on both real-world and synthetic datasets show that ADDAEIL consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods and maintains robust long-term performance in non-stationary data streams.
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spelling doaj-art-083d0cf574b5470180ff9e723d5255f62025-08-20T03:30:24ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932025-06-0118635910.3390/a18060359ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental LearningDanlei Li0Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair1Kevin I-Kai Wang2Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New ZealandDepartment of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New ZealandTime series anomaly detection in streaming environments faces persistent challenges due to concept drift, which gradually degrades model reliability. In this paper, we propose Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-based Incremental Learning (ADDAEIL), an unsupervised anomaly detection framework that incrementally adapts to concept drift in non-stationary streaming time series data. ADDAEIL integrates a hybrid drift detection mechanism that combines statistical distribution tests with structural-based performance evaluation of base detectors in Isolation Forest. This design enables unsupervised detection and continuous adaptation to evolving data patterns. Based on the estimated drift intensity, an adaptive update strategy selectively replaces degraded base detectors. This allows the anomaly detection model to incorporate new information while preserving useful historical behavior. Experiments on both real-world and synthetic datasets show that ADDAEIL consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods and maintains robust long-term performance in non-stationary data streams.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359time series anomaly detectionconcept drift adaptationisolation forestincremental learningunsupervised methodedge computing
spellingShingle Danlei Li
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair
Kevin I-Kai Wang
ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
Algorithms
time series anomaly detection
concept drift adaptation
isolation forest
incremental learning
unsupervised method
edge computing
title ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
title_full ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
title_fullStr ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
title_full_unstemmed ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
title_short ADDAEIL: Anomaly Detection with Drift-Aware Ensemble-Based Incremental Learning
title_sort addaeil anomaly detection with drift aware ensemble based incremental learning
topic time series anomaly detection
concept drift adaptation
isolation forest
incremental learning
unsupervised method
edge computing
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/6/359
work_keys_str_mv AT danleili addaeilanomalydetectionwithdriftawareensemblebasedincrementallearning
AT nirmalkumarcnair addaeilanomalydetectionwithdriftawareensemblebasedincrementallearning
AT kevinikaiwang addaeilanomalydetectionwithdriftawareensemblebasedincrementallearning