The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale
The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure pha...
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2022-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e |
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| author | Kaushik Satapathy Dimitrios Psaltis Feryal Özel Lia Medeiros Sean T. Dougall Chi-Kwan Chan Maciek Wielgus Ben S. Prather George N. Wong Charles F. Gammie Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Juan Carlos Algaba Richard Anantua Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Bradford A. Benson Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Raymond Blundell Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Hope Boyce Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Sandra Bustamente Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Koushik Chatterjee Shami Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Thomas M. Crawford Geoffrey B. Crew Alejandro Cruz-Osorio Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Joseph Farah Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont H. Alyson Ford Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Antonio Fuentes Peter Galison Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Daryl Haggard Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Dong-Jin Kim Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Junhan Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Yutaro Kofuji Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Carsten Kramer Michael Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Aviad Levis Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Greg Lindahl Jun Liu Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Nicola Marchili Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Izumi Mizuno Yosuke Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Alejandro Mus Mejías Gibwa Musoke Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Antonios Nathanail Joey Neilsen Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Michael A. Nowak Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Felix M. Pötzl Jorge A. Preciado-López Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo He Sun Fumie Tazaki Alexandra J. Tetarenko Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner Derek Ward-Thompson John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Kaj Wiik Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guang-Yao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao |
| author_facet | Kaushik Satapathy Dimitrios Psaltis Feryal Özel Lia Medeiros Sean T. Dougall Chi-Kwan Chan Maciek Wielgus Ben S. Prather George N. Wong Charles F. Gammie Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Juan Carlos Algaba Richard Anantua Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Bradford A. Benson Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Raymond Blundell Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Hope Boyce Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Sandra Bustamente Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Koushik Chatterjee Shami Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Thomas M. Crawford Geoffrey B. Crew Alejandro Cruz-Osorio Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Joseph Farah Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont H. Alyson Ford Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Antonio Fuentes Peter Galison Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Daryl Haggard Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Dong-Jin Kim Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Junhan Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Yutaro Kofuji Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Carsten Kramer Michael Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Aviad Levis Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Greg Lindahl Jun Liu Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Nicola Marchili Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Izumi Mizuno Yosuke Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Alejandro Mus Mejías Gibwa Musoke Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Antonios Nathanail Joey Neilsen Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Michael A. Nowak Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Felix M. Pötzl Jorge A. Preciado-López Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo He Sun Fumie Tazaki Alexandra J. Tetarenko Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner Derek Ward-Thompson John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Kaj Wiik Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guang-Yao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao |
| author_sort | Kaushik Satapathy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of ∼3°–5°. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (∼90°–180°) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u – v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-0811632cfa854753abef8bb20820b05b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-0811632cfa854753abef8bb20820b05b2025-08-20T03:40:45ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572022-01-0192511310.3847/1538-4357/ac332eThe Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical TimescaleKaushik Satapathy0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0433-3585Dimitrios Psaltis1Feryal Özel2Lia Medeiros3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2342-6728Sean T. Dougall4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-1314Chi-Kwan Chan5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-6126Maciek Wielgus6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-4242Ben S. Prather7George N. Wong8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-2147Charles F. Gammie9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-8935Kazunori Akiyama10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-4254Antxon Alberdi11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-1033Walter Alef12Juan Carlos Algaba13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-1696Richard Anantua14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-7660Keiichi Asada15Rebecca Azulay16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-5393Anne-Kathrin Baczko17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-3975David Ball18Mislav Baloković19https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-6647John Barrett20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-0764Bradford A. Benson21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-6823Dan Bintley22Lindy Blackburn23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-642XRaymond Blundell24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5929-5857Wilfred Boland25Katherine L. Bouman26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4367Geoffrey C. Bower27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9982Hope Boyce28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6530-5783Michael Bremer29Christiaan D. 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Tilanus211https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6514-553XMichael Titus212https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-3275Kenji Toma213https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6010Pablo Torne214https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-6058Efthalia Traianou215https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-6500Tyler Trent216Sascha Trippe217https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-1559Ilse van Bemmel218https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-2950Huib Jan van Langevelde219https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-5946Daniel R. van Rossum220https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-6131Jan Wagner221https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-6109Derek Ward-Thompson222https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-2761John Wardle223https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-2942Jonathan Weintroub224https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4603-5204Norbert Wex225https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-2837Robert Wharton226https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5209Kaj Wiik227Qingwen Wu228https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-4987Doosoo Yoon229https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-8166André Young230https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-2682Ken Young231https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4920Ziri Younsi232https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1191Feng Yuan233https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3564-6437Ye-Fei Yuan234https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-4756J. Anton Zensus235https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-3321Guang-Yao Zhao236https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-1659Shan-Shan Zhao237https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3606Astronomy Department, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Physics, University of Arizona , 1118 E 4th St, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAAstronomy Department, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAAstronomy Department, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USASchool of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USAAstronomy Department, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAAstronomy Department, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAIllinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAIllinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USAIllinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe, Department of Physics, University of Illinois , 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois , 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USANederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USADepartment of Physics, McGill University , 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada; McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2A7, CanadaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, University of Chicago , 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAPrinceton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaPhysics Department, Fairfield University , 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USADepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini,” Universitá di Napoli “Federico II” , Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy; INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyWits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand , 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Pretoria , Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Makhanda 6140, South AfricaEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USALESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL , CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceJILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of History of Science, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047, Selargius, CA, ItalyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologìa, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, MéxicoInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CíSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDepartment of Physics, McGill University , 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada; McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2A7, CanadaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USANOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan; Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University , Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, RussiaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, JapanCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USANational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering , Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Niigata University , 8050 Ikarashi-nino-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, JapanInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University , No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAKey Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Physics, National Taiwan University , No.1, Sect. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, México; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx 04510, MéxicoMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyYunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USADepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of ChinaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA; Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València , C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València , C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, SpainDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, 16-1 Uwanotai, Tamonoki, Hachinohe City, Aomori 039-1192, JapanBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003, USAWits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand , 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , Makhanda 6140, South Africa; South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South AfricaInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyVillanova University , Mendel Science Center Rm. 263B, 800 E Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPhysics Department, Washington University CB 1105 , St Louis, MO 63130, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H8, Canada; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H4, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, CanadaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRadio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003, USAAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada; Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University , No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei 116, Taiwan, R.O.C.Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción , Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, IrelandCenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USACenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USASteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAItalian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyInstituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan; Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory , Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, FinlandDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003, USAInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of ChinaShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of ChinaJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology , Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University , Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of KoreaMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USACalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The NetherlandsMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAFrontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, JapanMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, SpainMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanySteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyJeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire , Preston, PR1 2HE, UKPhysics Department, Brandeis University , 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USABlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyTuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FinlandSchool of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, People's Republic of ChinaAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsCenter for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London , Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UKShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China; School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of ChinaAstronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, People's Republic of ChinaMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of ChinaThe black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of ∼3°–5°. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (∼90°–180°) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u – v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332eBlack hole physicsHigh energy astrophysics |
| spellingShingle | Kaushik Satapathy Dimitrios Psaltis Feryal Özel Lia Medeiros Sean T. Dougall Chi-Kwan Chan Maciek Wielgus Ben S. Prather George N. Wong Charles F. Gammie Kazunori Akiyama Antxon Alberdi Walter Alef Juan Carlos Algaba Richard Anantua Keiichi Asada Rebecca Azulay Anne-Kathrin Baczko David Ball Mislav Baloković John Barrett Bradford A. Benson Dan Bintley Lindy Blackburn Raymond Blundell Wilfred Boland Katherine L. Bouman Geoffrey C. Bower Hope Boyce Michael Bremer Christiaan D. Brinkerink Roger Brissenden Silke Britzen Avery E. Broderick Dominique Broguiere Thomas Bronzwaer Sandra Bustamente Do-Young Byun John E. Carlstrom Andrew Chael Koushik Chatterjee Shami Chatterjee Ming-Tang Chen Yongjun Chen Ilje Cho Pierre Christian John E. Conway James M. Cordes Thomas M. Crawford Geoffrey B. Crew Alejandro Cruz-Osorio Yuzhu Cui Jordy Davelaar Mariafelicia De Laurentis Roger Deane Jessica Dempsey Gregory Desvignes Jason Dexter Sheperd S. Doeleman Ralph P. Eatough Heino Falcke Joseph Farah Vincent L. Fish Ed Fomalont H. Alyson Ford Raquel Fraga-Encinas Per Friberg Christian M. Fromm Antonio Fuentes Peter Galison Roberto García Olivier Gentaz Boris Georgiev Ciriaco Goddi Roman Gold Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz José L. Gómez Minfeng Gu Mark Gurwell Kazuhiro Hada Daryl Haggard Michael H. Hecht Ronald Hesper Luis C. Ho Paul Ho Mareki Honma Chih-Wei L. Huang Lei Huang David H. Hughes Shiro Ikeda Makoto Inoue Sara Issaoun David J. James Buell T. Jannuzi Michael Janssen Britton Jeter Wu Jiang Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales Michael D. Johnson Svetlana Jorstad Taehyun Jung Mansour Karami Ramesh Karuppusamy Tomohisa Kawashima Garrett K. Keating Mark Kettenis Dong-Jin Kim Jae-Young Kim Jongsoo Kim Junhan Kim Motoki Kino Jun Yi Koay Yutaro Kofuji Patrick M. Koch Shoko Koyama Carsten Kramer Michael Kramer Thomas P. Krichbaum Cheng-Yu Kuo Tod R. Lauer Sang-Sung Lee Aviad Levis Yan-Rong Li Zhiyuan Li Michael Lindqvist Rocco Lico Greg Lindahl Jun Liu Kuo Liu Elisabetta Liuzzo Wen-Ping Lo Andrei P. Lobanov Laurent Loinard Colin Lonsdale Ru-Sen Lu Nicholas R. MacDonald Jirong Mao Nicola Marchili Sera Markoff Daniel P. Marrone Alan P. Marscher Iván Martí-Vidal Satoki Matsushita Lynn D. Matthews Karl M. Menten Izumi Mizuno Yosuke Mizuno James M. Moran Kotaro Moriyama Monika Moscibrodzka Cornelia Müller Alejandro Mus Mejías Gibwa Musoke Hiroshi Nagai Neil M. Nagar Masanori Nakamura Ramesh Narayan Gopal Narayanan Iniyan Natarajan Antonios Nathanail Joey Neilsen Roberto Neri Chunchong Ni Aristeidis Noutsos Michael A. Nowak Hiroki Okino Héctor Olivares Gisela N. Ortiz-León Tomoaki Oyama Daniel C. M. Palumbo Jongho Park Nimesh Patel Ue-Li Pen Dominic W. Pesce Vincent Piétu Richard Plambeck Aleksandar PopStefanija Oliver Porth Felix M. Pötzl Jorge A. Preciado-López Hung-Yi Pu Venkatessh Ramakrishnan Ramprasad Rao Mark G. Rawlings Alexander W. Raymond Luciano Rezzolla Bart Ripperda Freek Roelofs Alan Rogers Eduardo Ros Mel Rose Arash Roshanineshat Helge Rottmann Alan L. Roy Chet Ruszczyk Kazi L. J. Rygl Salvador Sánchez David Sánchez-Arguelles Mahito Sasada Tuomas Savolainen F. Peter Schloerb Karl-Friedrich Schuster Lijing Shao Zhiqiang Shen Des Small Bong Won Sohn Jason SooHoo He Sun Fumie Tazaki Alexandra J. Tetarenko Paul Tiede Remo P. J. Tilanus Michael Titus Kenji Toma Pablo Torne Efthalia Traianou Tyler Trent Sascha Trippe Ilse van Bemmel Huib Jan van Langevelde Daniel R. van Rossum Jan Wagner Derek Ward-Thompson John Wardle Jonathan Weintroub Norbert Wex Robert Wharton Kaj Wiik Qingwen Wu Doosoo Yoon André Young Ken Young Ziri Younsi Feng Yuan Ye-Fei Yuan J. Anton Zensus Guang-Yao Zhao Shan-Shan Zhao The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale The Astrophysical Journal Black hole physics High energy astrophysics |
| title | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| title_full | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| title_fullStr | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| title_short | The Variability of the Black Hole Image in M87 at the Dynamical Timescale |
| title_sort | variability of the black hole image in m87 at the dynamical timescale |
| topic | Black hole physics High energy astrophysics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332e |
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