Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

Introduction Malnutrition contributes to 45% of all childhood deaths globally, but these modelled estimates lack direct measurements in countries with high malnutrition and under-5 mortality rates. We investigated malnutrition’s role in infant and child deaths in the Child Health and Mortality Preve...

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Main Authors: Khatia Munguambe, Quique Bassat, Mahbubur Rahman, Sibone Mocumbi, Cynthia G Whitney, Amy Wise, Shams El Arifeen, Meerjady Sabrina Flora, Soter Ameh, Emily S Gurley, Mustafizur Rahman, Ariel Nhacolo, Cheick Bougadari Traore, Inacio Mandomando, Clara Menendez, Janet Agaya, Jane Juma, Shabir A Madhi, Tadesse Gure, George Aol, Hennie Lombaard, Ziyaad Dangor, James Bunn, Samba O Sow, Amara Jambai, Dickson Gethi, Sanwarul Bari, Natalia Rakislova, Tacilta Nhampossa, Maria Maixenchs, Mohammed Kamal, Joseph Oundo, Lola Madrid, Tahmina Shirin, Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu, Addisu Alemu, Hailemariam Legesse, Awa Traore, Portia C Mutevedzi, Helina Heluf, Victor Akelo, Dickens Onyango, Richard Omore, Yasmin Adam, Peter Otieno, Margaret Mannah, Karen L Kotloff, Milagritos D Tapia, Rima Koka, Mohammad Zahid Hossain, Dickens Kowuor, Tom Sesay, James Squire, Francis Moses, Kitiezo Aggrey Igunza, Andrew Moseray, Afruna Rahman, Nana Kourouma, Seydou Sissoko, Rosauro Varo, Sana Mahtab, Martin Hale, Jeanie du Toit, Zachary J Madewell, Dianna M Blau, Fatima Solomon, Gillian Sorour, Jeannette Wadula, Karen Petersen, Sanjay G Lala, Sithembiso Velaphi, Richard Chawana, Nellie Myburgh, Shahana Parveen, Mahbubul Hoque, Saria Tasnim, Ferdousi Islam, Farida Ariuman, Mohammad Mosiur Rahman, Dilruba Ahmed, Fikremelekot Temesgen, Melisachew Mulatu Yeshi, Mahlet Abayneh Gizaw, Stian MS Orlien, Solomon Ali, Peter Nyamthimba Onyango, Richard Oliech, Joyce Akinyi Were, Thomas Misore, Harun Owuor, Christopher Muga, Christine Ochola, Ashka Mehta, Brigitte Gaume, Adama Mamby Keita, Diakaridia Kone, Diakaridia Sidibe, Doh Sanogo, Kounandji Diarra, Tiéman Diarra, Kiranpreet Chawla, Zara Manhique, Fatmata Bintu Tarawally, Martin Seppeh, Ronald Mash, Julius Ojulong, Babatunde Duduyemi, Alim Swaray-Deen, Okokon Ita, Cornell Chukwuegbo, Sulaiman Sannoh, Princewill Nwajiobi, Erick Kaluma, Oluseyi Balogun, Carrie Jo Cain, Solomon Samura, Samuel Pratt, Joseph Kamanda Sesay, Osman Kaykay, Binyam Halu, Francis Smart, Sartie Kenneh, Ferdousi Begum, Priya Mehta-Gupta Das, Ogony Benard Oluoch, Caleb K Sagam, Ronita Luke, Milton Kincardett, Elisio G Xerinda, Markus Roos Breines, Ketema Degefa, J. Anthony G Scott, Kazi Munisul Islam, Parminder S Suchdev, Nelesh P. Govender, Peter J. Swart, Nawshad Uddin Ahmed, Alexander M. Ibrahim, Sharon M. Tennant, Carol L. Greene, J. Kristie Johnson, Karen D. Fairchild, Uma U. Onwuchekwa, Joseph Bangura
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Language:English
Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2024-12-01
Series:BMJ Global Health
Online Access:https://gh.bmj.com/content/9/12/e017262.full
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author Khatia Munguambe
Quique Bassat
Mahbubur Rahman
Sibone Mocumbi
Cynthia G Whitney
Amy Wise
Shams El Arifeen
Meerjady Sabrina Flora
Soter Ameh
Emily S Gurley
Mustafizur Rahman
Ariel Nhacolo
Cheick Bougadari Traore
Inacio Mandomando
Clara Menendez
Janet Agaya
Jane Juma
Shabir A Madhi
Tadesse Gure
George Aol
Hennie Lombaard
Ziyaad Dangor
James Bunn
Samba O Sow
Amara Jambai
Dickson Gethi
Sanwarul Bari
Natalia Rakislova
Tacilta Nhampossa
Maria Maixenchs
Mohammed Kamal
Joseph Oundo
Lola Madrid
Tahmina Shirin
Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu
Addisu Alemu
Hailemariam Legesse
Awa Traore
Portia C Mutevedzi
Helina Heluf
Victor Akelo
Dickens Onyango
Richard Omore
Yasmin Adam
Peter Otieno
Margaret Mannah
Karen L Kotloff
Milagritos D Tapia
Rima Koka
Mohammad Zahid Hossain
Dickens Kowuor
Tom Sesay
James Squire
Francis Moses
Kitiezo Aggrey Igunza
Andrew Moseray
Afruna Rahman
Nana Kourouma
Seydou Sissoko
Rosauro Varo
Sana Mahtab
Martin Hale
Jeanie du Toit
Zachary J Madewell
Dianna M Blau
Fatima Solomon
Gillian Sorour
Jeannette Wadula
Karen Petersen
Sanjay G Lala
Sithembiso Velaphi
Richard Chawana
Nellie Myburgh
Shahana Parveen
Mahbubul Hoque
Saria Tasnim
Ferdousi Islam
Farida Ariuman
Mohammad Mosiur Rahman
Dilruba Ahmed
Fikremelekot Temesgen
Melisachew Mulatu Yeshi
Mahlet Abayneh Gizaw
Stian MS Orlien
Solomon Ali
Peter Nyamthimba Onyango
Richard Oliech
Joyce Akinyi Were
Thomas Misore
Harun Owuor
Christopher Muga
Christine Ochola
Ashka Mehta
Brigitte Gaume
Adama Mamby Keita
Diakaridia Kone
Diakaridia Sidibe
Doh Sanogo
Kounandji Diarra
Tiéman Diarra
Kiranpreet Chawla
Zara Manhique
Fatmata Bintu Tarawally
Martin Seppeh
Ronald Mash
Julius Ojulong
Babatunde Duduyemi
Alim Swaray-Deen
Okokon Ita
Cornell Chukwuegbo
Sulaiman Sannoh
Princewill Nwajiobi
Erick Kaluma
Oluseyi Balogun
Carrie Jo Cain
Solomon Samura
Samuel Pratt
Joseph Kamanda Sesay
Osman Kaykay
Binyam Halu
Francis Smart
Sartie Kenneh
Ferdousi Begum
Priya Mehta-Gupta Das
Ogony Benard Oluoch
Caleb K Sagam
Ronita Luke
Milton Kincardett
Elisio G Xerinda
Markus Roos Breines
Ketema Degefa
J. Anthony G Scott
Kazi Munisul Islam
Parminder S Suchdev
Nelesh P. Govender
Peter J. Swart
Nawshad Uddin Ahmed
Alexander M. Ibrahim
Sharon M. Tennant
Carol L. Greene
J. Kristie Johnson
Karen D. Fairchild
Uma U. Onwuchekwa
Joseph Bangura
author_facet Khatia Munguambe
Quique Bassat
Mahbubur Rahman
Sibone Mocumbi
Cynthia G Whitney
Amy Wise
Shams El Arifeen
Meerjady Sabrina Flora
Soter Ameh
Emily S Gurley
Mustafizur Rahman
Ariel Nhacolo
Cheick Bougadari Traore
Inacio Mandomando
Clara Menendez
Janet Agaya
Jane Juma
Shabir A Madhi
Tadesse Gure
George Aol
Hennie Lombaard
Ziyaad Dangor
James Bunn
Samba O Sow
Amara Jambai
Dickson Gethi
Sanwarul Bari
Natalia Rakislova
Tacilta Nhampossa
Maria Maixenchs
Mohammed Kamal
Joseph Oundo
Lola Madrid
Tahmina Shirin
Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu
Addisu Alemu
Hailemariam Legesse
Awa Traore
Portia C Mutevedzi
Helina Heluf
Victor Akelo
Dickens Onyango
Richard Omore
Yasmin Adam
Peter Otieno
Margaret Mannah
Karen L Kotloff
Milagritos D Tapia
Rima Koka
Mohammad Zahid Hossain
Dickens Kowuor
Tom Sesay
James Squire
Francis Moses
Kitiezo Aggrey Igunza
Andrew Moseray
Afruna Rahman
Nana Kourouma
Seydou Sissoko
Rosauro Varo
Sana Mahtab
Martin Hale
Jeanie du Toit
Zachary J Madewell
Dianna M Blau
Fatima Solomon
Gillian Sorour
Jeannette Wadula
Karen Petersen
Sanjay G Lala
Sithembiso Velaphi
Richard Chawana
Nellie Myburgh
Shahana Parveen
Mahbubul Hoque
Saria Tasnim
Ferdousi Islam
Farida Ariuman
Mohammad Mosiur Rahman
Dilruba Ahmed
Fikremelekot Temesgen
Melisachew Mulatu Yeshi
Mahlet Abayneh Gizaw
Stian MS Orlien
Solomon Ali
Peter Nyamthimba Onyango
Richard Oliech
Joyce Akinyi Were
Thomas Misore
Harun Owuor
Christopher Muga
Christine Ochola
Ashka Mehta
Brigitte Gaume
Adama Mamby Keita
Diakaridia Kone
Diakaridia Sidibe
Doh Sanogo
Kounandji Diarra
Tiéman Diarra
Kiranpreet Chawla
Zara Manhique
Fatmata Bintu Tarawally
Martin Seppeh
Ronald Mash
Julius Ojulong
Babatunde Duduyemi
Alim Swaray-Deen
Okokon Ita
Cornell Chukwuegbo
Sulaiman Sannoh
Princewill Nwajiobi
Erick Kaluma
Oluseyi Balogun
Carrie Jo Cain
Solomon Samura
Samuel Pratt
Joseph Kamanda Sesay
Osman Kaykay
Binyam Halu
Francis Smart
Sartie Kenneh
Ferdousi Begum
Priya Mehta-Gupta Das
Ogony Benard Oluoch
Caleb K Sagam
Ronita Luke
Milton Kincardett
Elisio G Xerinda
Markus Roos Breines
Ketema Degefa
J. Anthony G Scott
Kazi Munisul Islam
Parminder S Suchdev
Nelesh P. Govender
Peter J. Swart
Nawshad Uddin Ahmed
Alexander M. Ibrahim
Sharon M. Tennant
Carol L. Greene
J. Kristie Johnson
Karen D. Fairchild
Uma U. Onwuchekwa
Joseph Bangura
author_sort Khatia Munguambe
collection DOAJ
description Introduction Malnutrition contributes to 45% of all childhood deaths globally, but these modelled estimates lack direct measurements in countries with high malnutrition and under-5 mortality rates. We investigated malnutrition’s role in infant and child deaths in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network.Methods We analysed CHAMPS data from seven sites (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa) collected between 2016 and 2023. An expert panel assessed each death to determine whether malnutrition was an underlying, antecedent or immediate cause or other significant condition. Malnutrition was further classified based on postmortem anthropometry using WHO growth standards for underweight (z-scores for weight-for-age <−2), stunting (length-for-age <−2), and wasting (weight-for-length or MUAC Z-scores <−2).Results Of 1601 infant and child deaths, malnutrition was considered a causal or significant condition in 632 (39.5%) cases, including 85 (13.4%) with HIV infection. Postmortem measurements indicated 90.1%, 61.2% and 94.1% of these cases were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. Most malnutrition-related deaths (n=632) had an infectious cause (89.1%). The adjusted odds of having malnutrition as causal or significant condition were 2.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 3.2) times higher for deaths involving infectious diseases compared with other causes. Common pathogens in the causal pathway for malnutrition-related deaths included Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.5%), Plasmodium falciparum (18.7%) and Escherichia coli/Shigella (17.2%).Conclusion Malnutrition was identified as a causal or significant factor in 39.5% of under-5 deaths in the CHAMPS network, often in combination with infectious diseases. These findings highlight the need for integrated interventions addressing both malnutrition and infectious diseases to effectively reduce under-5 mortality.
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spelling doaj-art-080ae47446d94bdfba6536fa9e658e9e2025-08-20T02:49:26ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Global Health2059-79082024-12-0191210.1136/bmjgh-2024-017262Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South AsiaKhatia MunguambeQuique Bassat0Mahbubur RahmanSibone MocumbiCynthia G Whitney1Amy WiseShams El Arifeen2Meerjady Sabrina FloraSoter AmehEmily S Gurley3Mustafizur RahmanAriel NhacoloCheick Bougadari TraoreInacio Mandomando4Clara MenendezJanet AgayaJane JumaShabir A Madhi5Tadesse GureGeorge AolHennie LombaardZiyaad Dangor6James BunnSamba O Sow7Amara JambaiDickson GethiSanwarul BariNatalia Rakislova8Tacilta NhampossaMaria MaixenchsMohammed KamalJoseph OundoLola Madrid9Tahmina ShirinIkechukwu Udo Ogbuanu10Addisu AlemuHailemariam LegesseAwa TraorePortia C Mutevedzi11Helina Heluf12Victor Akelo13Dickens Onyango14Richard Omore15Yasmin AdamPeter OtienoMargaret MannahKaren L Kotloff16Milagritos D Tapia17Rima KokaMohammad Zahid Hossain18Dickens KowuorTom SesayJames SquireFrancis MosesKitiezo Aggrey IgunzaAndrew MoserayAfruna Rahman19Nana KouroumaSeydou SissokoRosauro Varo20Sana Mahtab21Martin HaleJeanie du Toit22Zachary J Madewell23Dianna M Blau24Fatima SolomonGillian SorourJeannette WadulaKaren PetersenSanjay G Lala25Sithembiso VelaphiRichard ChawanaNellie MyburghShahana ParveenMahbubul HoqueSaria TasnimFerdousi IslamFarida AriumanMohammad Mosiur RahmanDilruba AhmedFikremelekot TemesgenMelisachew Mulatu YeshiMahlet Abayneh GizawStian MS OrlienSolomon AliPeter Nyamthimba OnyangoRichard OliechJoyce Akinyi WereThomas MisoreHarun OwuorChristopher MugaChristine OcholaAshka Mehta26Brigitte GaumeAdama Mamby Keita27Diakaridia KoneDiakaridia SidibeDoh SanogoKounandji DiarraTiéman DiarraKiranpreet ChawlaZara ManhiqueFatmata Bintu TarawallyMartin SeppehRonald MashJulius OjulongBabatunde DuduyemiAlim Swaray-DeenOkokon ItaCornell Chukwuegbo28Sulaiman SannohPrincewill NwajiobiErick Kaluma29Oluseyi BalogunCarrie Jo Cain30Solomon SamuraSamuel PrattJoseph Kamanda SesayOsman KaykayBinyam HaluFrancis SmartSartie KennehFerdousi BegumPriya Mehta-Gupta Das31Ogony Benard Oluoch32Caleb K Sagam33Ronita Luke34Milton Kincardett35Elisio G Xerinda36Markus Roos Breines37Ketema Degefa38J. Anthony G Scott39Kazi Munisul Islam40Parminder S Suchdev41Nelesh P. GovenderPeter J. SwartNawshad Uddin AhmedAlexander M. IbrahimSharon M. TennantCarol L. GreeneJ. Kristie JohnsonKaren D. FairchildUma U. OnwuchekwaJoseph Bangura12 ISGlobal–Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain25 Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA23 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh23 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh12 ISGlobal–Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain18 South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa18 South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa2 Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali12 ISGlobal–Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain21 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK10 Crown Agents, Freetown, Sierra Leone25 Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA22 College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia5 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya7 Kisumu County Department of Health, Kisumu, Nyanza, Kenya6 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya4 Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA4 Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA23 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh23 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh12 ISGlobal–Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain18 South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa18 South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa1 Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA1 Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA19 Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa4 Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA2 Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali9 Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria10 Crown Agents, Freetown, Sierra Leone8 World Hope International, Freetown, Sierra Leone3 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA6 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya6 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya11 Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone13 Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça–CISM, Manhica, Maputo, Mozambique13 Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça–CISM, Manhica, Maputo, Mozambique21 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK22 College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia6 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya23 International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh1 Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USAIntroduction Malnutrition contributes to 45% of all childhood deaths globally, but these modelled estimates lack direct measurements in countries with high malnutrition and under-5 mortality rates. We investigated malnutrition’s role in infant and child deaths in the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network.Methods We analysed CHAMPS data from seven sites (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa) collected between 2016 and 2023. An expert panel assessed each death to determine whether malnutrition was an underlying, antecedent or immediate cause or other significant condition. Malnutrition was further classified based on postmortem anthropometry using WHO growth standards for underweight (z-scores for weight-for-age <−2), stunting (length-for-age <−2), and wasting (weight-for-length or MUAC Z-scores <−2).Results Of 1601 infant and child deaths, malnutrition was considered a causal or significant condition in 632 (39.5%) cases, including 85 (13.4%) with HIV infection. Postmortem measurements indicated 90.1%, 61.2% and 94.1% of these cases were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. Most malnutrition-related deaths (n=632) had an infectious cause (89.1%). The adjusted odds of having malnutrition as causal or significant condition were 2.4 (95% CI 1.7 to 3.2) times higher for deaths involving infectious diseases compared with other causes. Common pathogens in the causal pathway for malnutrition-related deaths included Klebsiella pneumoniae (30.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (21.5%), Plasmodium falciparum (18.7%) and Escherichia coli/Shigella (17.2%).Conclusion Malnutrition was identified as a causal or significant factor in 39.5% of under-5 deaths in the CHAMPS network, often in combination with infectious diseases. These findings highlight the need for integrated interventions addressing both malnutrition and infectious diseases to effectively reduce under-5 mortality.https://gh.bmj.com/content/9/12/e017262.full
spellingShingle Khatia Munguambe
Quique Bassat
Mahbubur Rahman
Sibone Mocumbi
Cynthia G Whitney
Amy Wise
Shams El Arifeen
Meerjady Sabrina Flora
Soter Ameh
Emily S Gurley
Mustafizur Rahman
Ariel Nhacolo
Cheick Bougadari Traore
Inacio Mandomando
Clara Menendez
Janet Agaya
Jane Juma
Shabir A Madhi
Tadesse Gure
George Aol
Hennie Lombaard
Ziyaad Dangor
James Bunn
Samba O Sow
Amara Jambai
Dickson Gethi
Sanwarul Bari
Natalia Rakislova
Tacilta Nhampossa
Maria Maixenchs
Mohammed Kamal
Joseph Oundo
Lola Madrid
Tahmina Shirin
Ikechukwu Udo Ogbuanu
Addisu Alemu
Hailemariam Legesse
Awa Traore
Portia C Mutevedzi
Helina Heluf
Victor Akelo
Dickens Onyango
Richard Omore
Yasmin Adam
Peter Otieno
Margaret Mannah
Karen L Kotloff
Milagritos D Tapia
Rima Koka
Mohammad Zahid Hossain
Dickens Kowuor
Tom Sesay
James Squire
Francis Moses
Kitiezo Aggrey Igunza
Andrew Moseray
Afruna Rahman
Nana Kourouma
Seydou Sissoko
Rosauro Varo
Sana Mahtab
Martin Hale
Jeanie du Toit
Zachary J Madewell
Dianna M Blau
Fatima Solomon
Gillian Sorour
Jeannette Wadula
Karen Petersen
Sanjay G Lala
Sithembiso Velaphi
Richard Chawana
Nellie Myburgh
Shahana Parveen
Mahbubul Hoque
Saria Tasnim
Ferdousi Islam
Farida Ariuman
Mohammad Mosiur Rahman
Dilruba Ahmed
Fikremelekot Temesgen
Melisachew Mulatu Yeshi
Mahlet Abayneh Gizaw
Stian MS Orlien
Solomon Ali
Peter Nyamthimba Onyango
Richard Oliech
Joyce Akinyi Were
Thomas Misore
Harun Owuor
Christopher Muga
Christine Ochola
Ashka Mehta
Brigitte Gaume
Adama Mamby Keita
Diakaridia Kone
Diakaridia Sidibe
Doh Sanogo
Kounandji Diarra
Tiéman Diarra
Kiranpreet Chawla
Zara Manhique
Fatmata Bintu Tarawally
Martin Seppeh
Ronald Mash
Julius Ojulong
Babatunde Duduyemi
Alim Swaray-Deen
Okokon Ita
Cornell Chukwuegbo
Sulaiman Sannoh
Princewill Nwajiobi
Erick Kaluma
Oluseyi Balogun
Carrie Jo Cain
Solomon Samura
Samuel Pratt
Joseph Kamanda Sesay
Osman Kaykay
Binyam Halu
Francis Smart
Sartie Kenneh
Ferdousi Begum
Priya Mehta-Gupta Das
Ogony Benard Oluoch
Caleb K Sagam
Ronita Luke
Milton Kincardett
Elisio G Xerinda
Markus Roos Breines
Ketema Degefa
J. Anthony G Scott
Kazi Munisul Islam
Parminder S Suchdev
Nelesh P. Govender
Peter J. Swart
Nawshad Uddin Ahmed
Alexander M. Ibrahim
Sharon M. Tennant
Carol L. Greene
J. Kristie Johnson
Karen D. Fairchild
Uma U. Onwuchekwa
Joseph Bangura
Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
BMJ Global Health
title Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
title_full Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
title_fullStr Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
title_full_unstemmed Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
title_short Contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
title_sort contribution of malnutrition to infant and child deaths in sub saharan africa and south asia
url https://gh.bmj.com/content/9/12/e017262.full
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AT hailemariamlegesse contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT awatraore contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT portiacmutevedzi contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT helinaheluf contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT victorakelo contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT dickensonyango contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT richardomore contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT yasminadam contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT peterotieno contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT margaretmannah contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT karenlkotloff contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT milagritosdtapia contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT rimakoka contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT mohammadzahidhossain contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT dickenskowuor contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT tomsesay contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT jamessquire contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT francismoses contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT kitiezoaggreyigunza contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT andrewmoseray contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT afrunarahman contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT nanakourouma contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT seydousissoko contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT rosaurovaro contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sanamahtab contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT martinhale contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT jeaniedutoit contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT zacharyjmadewell contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT diannamblau contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT fatimasolomon contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT gilliansorour contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT jeannettewadula contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT karenpetersen contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sanjayglala contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sithembisovelaphi contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT richardchawana contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT nelliemyburgh contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT shahanaparveen contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT mahbubulhoque contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sariatasnim contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ferdousiislam contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT faridaariuman contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT mohammadmosiurrahman contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT dilrubaahmed contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT fikremelekottemesgen contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT melisachewmulatuyeshi contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT mahletabaynehgizaw contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT stianmsorlien contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT solomonali contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT peternyamthimbaonyango contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT richardoliech contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT joyceakinyiwere contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT thomasmisore contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT harunowuor contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT christophermuga contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT christineochola contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ashkamehta contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT brigittegaume contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT adamamambykeita contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT diakaridiakone contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT diakaridiasidibe contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT dohsanogo contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT kounandjidiarra contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT tiemandiarra contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT kiranpreetchawla contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT zaramanhique contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT fatmatabintutarawally contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT martinseppeh contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ronaldmash contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT juliusojulong contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT babatundeduduyemi contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT alimswaraydeen contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT okokonita contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT cornellchukwuegbo contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sulaimansannoh contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT princewillnwajiobi contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT erickkaluma contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT oluseyibalogun contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT carriejocain contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT solomonsamura contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT samuelpratt contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT josephkamandasesay contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT osmankaykay contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT binyamhalu contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT francissmart contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sartiekenneh contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ferdousibegum contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT priyamehtaguptadas contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ogonybenardoluoch contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT calebksagam contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ronitaluke contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT miltonkincardett contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT elisiogxerinda contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT markusroosbreines contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT ketemadegefa contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT janthonygscott contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT kazimunisulislam contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT parminderssuchdev contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT neleshpgovender contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT peterjswart contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT nawshaduddinahmed contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT alexandermibrahim contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT sharonmtennant contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT carollgreene contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT jkristiejohnson contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT karendfairchild contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT umauonwuchekwa contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia
AT josephbangura contributionofmalnutritiontoinfantandchilddeathsinsubsaharanafricaandsouthasia