Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity
Abstract Background This study investigated active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in children and examined the associations among EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) load, infection types, disease severity, and immune characteristics. Methods A total of 35,956 pediatric patients who underwent EBV DN...
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2025-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02741-7 |
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| author | Haipeng Yan Xun Li Xiaohui Zeng Ting Luo Xiao Li Longlong Xie Xiangyu Wang Yufan Yang Lan Luo Xiulan Lu Zhenghui Xiao |
| author_facet | Haipeng Yan Xun Li Xiaohui Zeng Ting Luo Xiao Li Longlong Xie Xiangyu Wang Yufan Yang Lan Luo Xiulan Lu Zhenghui Xiao |
| author_sort | Haipeng Yan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background This study investigated active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in children and examined the associations among EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) load, infection types, disease severity, and immune characteristics. Methods A total of 35,956 pediatric patients who underwent EBV DNA load testing were included. Patients were categorized based on their EBV DNA levels and infection status. Results Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a positive association between EBV DNA levels and the mortality rate, as well as the incidence rates of acute kidney injury (AKI), respiratory failure, cardiovascular complications, coagulation abnormalities, and liver injury. Mortality risk significantly increased when EBV DNA exceeded 1 × 105 copies/mL (adjusted odds ratio: 10.53, 95% confidence interval: 2.38–46.59, P < 0.05). As EBV DNA levels increase, the rise in mortality rate during activation- immunoglobulin G (IgG+) was more pronounced than that observed during primary infections. Gaussian mixture model clustering identified two immune clusters. Cluster 0 exhibited elevated pro-inflammatory indicators (IFN-γ, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory indicator (IL-10) levels, along with reduced immune cell counts. This cluster showed higher activation-IgG+ and mortality rates compared with Cluster 1. Conclusions An elevated EBV DNA load (> 1 × 105 copies/mL) in children is associated with increased mortality risk. High pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory states, coupled with low immune cell numbers, indicate critical condition. Simultaneous examinations of EBV DNA, antibodies, and immune status are recommended, especially for children with EBV DNA > 1 × 105 copies/mL, emphasizing the need for caution in those with activation-IgG+ and immune dysregulation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-079da98d1cec42bdb238557aacd3720e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1743-422X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Virology Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-079da98d1cec42bdb238557aacd3720e2025-08-20T03:14:02ZengBMCVirology Journal1743-422X2025-04-0122111410.1186/s12985-025-02741-7Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severityHaipeng Yan0Xun Li1Xiaohui Zeng2Ting Luo3Xiao Li4Longlong Xie5Xiangyu Wang6Yufan Yang7Lan Luo8Xiulan Lu9Zhenghui Xiao10Internation Inpatient Ward & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province & Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, School of Medicine, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Internation Inpatient Ward & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province & Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, School of Medicine, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province & Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, School of Medicine, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province & Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, School of Medicine, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Internation Inpatient Ward & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Pediatric Intensive Care Unit & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine for Children, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University (Hunan Children’s Hospital)Abstract Background This study investigated active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in children and examined the associations among EBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) load, infection types, disease severity, and immune characteristics. Methods A total of 35,956 pediatric patients who underwent EBV DNA load testing were included. Patients were categorized based on their EBV DNA levels and infection status. Results Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a positive association between EBV DNA levels and the mortality rate, as well as the incidence rates of acute kidney injury (AKI), respiratory failure, cardiovascular complications, coagulation abnormalities, and liver injury. Mortality risk significantly increased when EBV DNA exceeded 1 × 105 copies/mL (adjusted odds ratio: 10.53, 95% confidence interval: 2.38–46.59, P < 0.05). As EBV DNA levels increase, the rise in mortality rate during activation- immunoglobulin G (IgG+) was more pronounced than that observed during primary infections. Gaussian mixture model clustering identified two immune clusters. Cluster 0 exhibited elevated pro-inflammatory indicators (IFN-γ, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory indicator (IL-10) levels, along with reduced immune cell counts. This cluster showed higher activation-IgG+ and mortality rates compared with Cluster 1. Conclusions An elevated EBV DNA load (> 1 × 105 copies/mL) in children is associated with increased mortality risk. High pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory states, coupled with low immune cell numbers, indicate critical condition. Simultaneous examinations of EBV DNA, antibodies, and immune status are recommended, especially for children with EBV DNA > 1 × 105 copies/mL, emphasizing the need for caution in those with activation-IgG+ and immune dysregulation.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02741-7Epstein-Barr virusImmune responseImmune dysregulationEpstein-Barr virus DNA load |
| spellingShingle | Haipeng Yan Xun Li Xiaohui Zeng Ting Luo Xiao Li Longlong Xie Xiangyu Wang Yufan Yang Lan Luo Xiulan Lu Zhenghui Xiao Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity Virology Journal Epstein-Barr virus Immune response Immune dysregulation Epstein-Barr virus DNA load |
| title | Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity |
| title_full | Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity |
| title_fullStr | Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity |
| title_short | Active EBV infection in children: associations between DNA load, infection status, immune status, and disease severity |
| title_sort | active ebv infection in children associations between dna load infection status immune status and disease severity |
| topic | Epstein-Barr virus Immune response Immune dysregulation Epstein-Barr virus DNA load |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02741-7 |
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