Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionMenarche is one of the important indicators of girls’ physical, nutritional, and reproductive health. This study aims to identify the relationship between the age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15.MethodsGirls aged 15 were recruited when they visited the hospital for ph...

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Main Authors: Jing Zhang, Ruili Li, Yong Zhang, Tian OuYang, Dan Ao, LiYan Gong, Li He, Xiaoya Qi, Xiyuan Zhou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Medicine
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1590463/full
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author Jing Zhang
Ruili Li
Yong Zhang
Tian OuYang
Dan Ao
LiYan Gong
Li He
Xiaoya Qi
Xiyuan Zhou
author_facet Jing Zhang
Ruili Li
Yong Zhang
Tian OuYang
Dan Ao
LiYan Gong
Li He
Xiaoya Qi
Xiyuan Zhou
author_sort Jing Zhang
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionMenarche is one of the important indicators of girls’ physical, nutritional, and reproductive health. This study aims to identify the relationship between the age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15.MethodsGirls aged 15 were recruited when they visited the hospital for physical examination required for enrollment in the high school. Eligible participants underwent anthropometric measurements and an ocular examination, and they completed a questionnaire to gather personal information, including age at menarche. Ocular indexes were compared across early, normal, and late menarche groups, and multivariate regression was performed to analyze the relationships between age at menarche and myopia.ResultsAmong the 376 participants around the age of 15, 115 girls were classified into the early menarche group, 185 into the normal menarche group, and 76 into the late menarche group. The prevalence of myopia was 95.7, 87.6, and 86.6% for the right eye (p = 0.048) and 89.6, 77.8, and 68.4% (p = 0.001) for the left eye in the early, middle, and late menarche groups, respectively. Age at menarche was negatively and significantly associated with myopia, particularly with moderate to severe myopia in 15-year-old girls (p = 0.039 for the right eye, p = 0.001 for the left eye).DiscussionAge at menarche, as a marker of the onset of puberty, was identified as an independent risk factor of myopia in teenage girls, particularly for moderate to severe myopia. This implies that accelerated physical development during puberty may contribute to the onset and progression of myopia in the context of modern lifestyles in urban China. Additional interventions should be considered for this subgroup of children.
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spelling doaj-art-076fa479ce884cea9b62e7f692fe28fd2025-08-20T03:50:40ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2025-07-011210.3389/fmed.2025.15904631590463Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional studyJing Zhang0Ruili Li1Yong Zhang2Tian OuYang3Dan Ao4LiYan Gong5Li He6Xiaoya Qi7Xiyuan Zhou8Department of Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Special Medical Service Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaHealth Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaHealth Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaHealth Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaHealth Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaIntroductionMenarche is one of the important indicators of girls’ physical, nutritional, and reproductive health. This study aims to identify the relationship between the age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15.MethodsGirls aged 15 were recruited when they visited the hospital for physical examination required for enrollment in the high school. Eligible participants underwent anthropometric measurements and an ocular examination, and they completed a questionnaire to gather personal information, including age at menarche. Ocular indexes were compared across early, normal, and late menarche groups, and multivariate regression was performed to analyze the relationships between age at menarche and myopia.ResultsAmong the 376 participants around the age of 15, 115 girls were classified into the early menarche group, 185 into the normal menarche group, and 76 into the late menarche group. The prevalence of myopia was 95.7, 87.6, and 86.6% for the right eye (p = 0.048) and 89.6, 77.8, and 68.4% (p = 0.001) for the left eye in the early, middle, and late menarche groups, respectively. Age at menarche was negatively and significantly associated with myopia, particularly with moderate to severe myopia in 15-year-old girls (p = 0.039 for the right eye, p = 0.001 for the left eye).DiscussionAge at menarche, as a marker of the onset of puberty, was identified as an independent risk factor of myopia in teenage girls, particularly for moderate to severe myopia. This implies that accelerated physical development during puberty may contribute to the onset and progression of myopia in the context of modern lifestyles in urban China. Additional interventions should be considered for this subgroup of children.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1590463/fullmyopiamenarche ageadolescentChinese girlspuberty
spellingShingle Jing Zhang
Ruili Li
Yong Zhang
Tian OuYang
Dan Ao
LiYan Gong
Li He
Xiaoya Qi
Xiyuan Zhou
Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
Frontiers in Medicine
myopia
menarche age
adolescent
Chinese girls
puberty
title Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
title_full Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
title_short Association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in Chongqing, China: a cross-sectional study
title_sort association between age at menarche and the risk of myopia at the age of 15 in chongqing china a cross sectional study
topic myopia
menarche age
adolescent
Chinese girls
puberty
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1590463/full
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