Spray Quality Assessment on Water-Sensitive Paper Comparing AI and Classical Computer Vision Methods

Precision agriculture seeks to optimize crop yields while minimizing resource use. A key challenge is achieving uniform pesticide spraying to prevent crop damage and environmental contamination. Water-sensitive paper (WSP) is a common tool used for assessing spray quality, as it visually registers d...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Inês Simões, Armando Jorge Sousa, André Baltazar, Filipe Santos
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Agriculture
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/3/261
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Summary:Precision agriculture seeks to optimize crop yields while minimizing resource use. A key challenge is achieving uniform pesticide spraying to prevent crop damage and environmental contamination. Water-sensitive paper (WSP) is a common tool used for assessing spray quality, as it visually registers droplet impacts through color change. This work introduces a smartphone-based solution for capturing WSP images within vegetation, offering a tool for farmers to assess spray quality in real-world conditions. To achieve this, two approaches were explored: classical computer vision techniques and machine learning (ML) models (YOLOv8, Mask-RCNN, and Cellpose). Addressing the challenges of limited real-world data and the complexity of manual annotation, a programmatically generated synthetic dataset was employed to enable sim-to-real transfer learning. For the task of WSP segmentation within vegetation, YOLOv8 achieved an average Intersection over Union of 97.76%. In the droplet detection task, which involves identifying individual droplets on WSP, Cellpose achieved the highest precision of 96.18%, in the presence of overlapping droplets. While classical computer vision techniques provided a reliable baseline, they struggled with complex cases. Additionally, ML models, particularly Cellpose, demonstrated accurate droplet detection even without fine-tuning.
ISSN:2077-0472