Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots

In this study, novel plant-based smart packaging materials were developed by loading betacyanin (MJ-Bs) and carbon dots (MJ-CDs) isolated from Mirabilis jalapa petals into biofilms fabricated from soy protein isolate (SPI) and methyl cellulose (MC). The MJ-Bs and MJ-CDs were used as natural color in...

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Main Authors: Alireza Ebrahimi, Narges Kiani-Salmi, Milad Tavassoli, David Julian McClements, Ali Ehsani, Arezou Khezerlou, Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Future Foods
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833525000735
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author Alireza Ebrahimi
Narges Kiani-Salmi
Milad Tavassoli
David Julian McClements
Ali Ehsani
Arezou Khezerlou
Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
author_facet Alireza Ebrahimi
Narges Kiani-Salmi
Milad Tavassoli
David Julian McClements
Ali Ehsani
Arezou Khezerlou
Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
author_sort Alireza Ebrahimi
collection DOAJ
description In this study, novel plant-based smart packaging materials were developed by loading betacyanin (MJ-Bs) and carbon dots (MJ-CDs) isolated from Mirabilis jalapa petals into biofilms fabricated from soy protein isolate (SPI) and methyl cellulose (MC). The MJ-Bs and MJ-CDs were used as natural color indicators and antimicrobials. Based on scanning electron microscopy analysis, these films had smooth surfaces and uniform structures. Incorporating the MJ-CDs and MJBs into the biofilms increased their UV-blocking properties (from 96.8 to 99.9 %), wettability (from 49.1 to 76.3 °), and tensile strength (from 29.3 to 36.3 MPa), and reduced their water vapor permeability (from 2.91 to 2.13 × 10–11 g. m/m2. s. Pa). The color of the MJ-CD/MJB-loaded biofilms exhibited strong sensitivity to changes in pH (2 to 12), as well as to changes in ammonia vapor levels. The potential application of the biofilms was assessed by measuring their ability to monitor and preserve shrimp freshness during storage at 25 °C. The color of the biofilms shifted from pink (fresh) to brownish yellow (spoiled) during storage, indicating their efficacy for this purpose. These findings highlight the potential of these novel biofilms for quality evaluation in protein-rich fresh food products, offering significant implications for food safety, shelf-life extension, and sustainability in the packaging industry.
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spelling doaj-art-0752a5c5760f454b80b79976bf56decf2025-08-20T03:44:27ZengElsevierFuture Foods2666-83352025-06-011110061010.1016/j.fufo.2025.100610Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dotsAlireza Ebrahimi0Narges Kiani-Salmi1Milad Tavassoli2David Julian McClements3Ali Ehsani4Arezou Khezerlou5Mahmood Alizadeh Sani6Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranStudent Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Yasuj University of Medical Science, Yasuj, IranDepartment of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USADepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Corresponding authors.Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Corresponding authors.Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding authors.In this study, novel plant-based smart packaging materials were developed by loading betacyanin (MJ-Bs) and carbon dots (MJ-CDs) isolated from Mirabilis jalapa petals into biofilms fabricated from soy protein isolate (SPI) and methyl cellulose (MC). The MJ-Bs and MJ-CDs were used as natural color indicators and antimicrobials. Based on scanning electron microscopy analysis, these films had smooth surfaces and uniform structures. Incorporating the MJ-CDs and MJBs into the biofilms increased their UV-blocking properties (from 96.8 to 99.9 %), wettability (from 49.1 to 76.3 °), and tensile strength (from 29.3 to 36.3 MPa), and reduced their water vapor permeability (from 2.91 to 2.13 × 10–11 g. m/m2. s. Pa). The color of the MJ-CD/MJB-loaded biofilms exhibited strong sensitivity to changes in pH (2 to 12), as well as to changes in ammonia vapor levels. The potential application of the biofilms was assessed by measuring their ability to monitor and preserve shrimp freshness during storage at 25 °C. The color of the biofilms shifted from pink (fresh) to brownish yellow (spoiled) during storage, indicating their efficacy for this purpose. These findings highlight the potential of these novel biofilms for quality evaluation in protein-rich fresh food products, offering significant implications for food safety, shelf-life extension, and sustainability in the packaging industry.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833525000735Biodegradable polymerpH sensing labelsActive/Intelligent packagingProtein-rich food
spellingShingle Alireza Ebrahimi
Narges Kiani-Salmi
Milad Tavassoli
David Julian McClements
Ali Ehsani
Arezou Khezerlou
Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
Future Foods
Biodegradable polymer
pH sensing labels
Active/Intelligent packaging
Protein-rich food
title Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
title_full Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
title_fullStr Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
title_full_unstemmed Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
title_short Monitoring food spoilage using smart plant-based packaging materials: Methylcellulose/soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
title_sort monitoring food spoilage using smart plant based packaging materials methylcellulose soy protein films loaded with betacyanin and carbon dots
topic Biodegradable polymer
pH sensing labels
Active/Intelligent packaging
Protein-rich food
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666833525000735
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