The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
Abstract Background The effects of tPBMT are from influencing compounds by triggering specific reactions, which stimulate Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis and neurogenesis. According to these effects, tPBMT has been applied as a potential treatment for various neural-related diseases. The purpose...
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2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06555-3 |
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| author | Helya Helali Nastaran Samani Faraj Tabeie Shiva Eiliaei Ali Kheradmand |
| author_facet | Helya Helali Nastaran Samani Faraj Tabeie Shiva Eiliaei Ali Kheradmand |
| author_sort | Helya Helali |
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| description | Abstract Background The effects of tPBMT are from influencing compounds by triggering specific reactions, which stimulate Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis and neurogenesis. According to these effects, tPBMT has been applied as a potential treatment for various neural-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tPBMT on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing MMT. Methods This randomized controlled clinical trial included two groups of substance-dependent patients undergoing MMT. They were randomly assigned to receive tPBMT or a sham tPBMT. The intervention group received PBM in the form of Light- Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for four minutes of light exposure at 810 nm wavelength producing 250 mW/cm2 when applied to 4 mm skin depth (totaling 60 J/cm2) in both forehead locations. The levels of anxiety, depression, and opioid craving were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-up assessments. Results Both groups consisted of 32 (91.4%) males and 3 (8.6%) females, with the mean age of patients in the intervention group being 37.97 ± 10.58 years, and 39.66 ± 9.94 years in the control group (P = 0.495). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of depression, anxiety, and opioid craving scale scores before the intervention (p>0.05). However, the tPBMT group had statistically significant reductions in their scores compared to the sham tPBMT group. (p<0.05). Conclusion tPBMT led to significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and opioid craving among individuals in MMT, and these improvements were sustained at one month and three months after treatment, indicating a long-lasting positive effect. Trial registration Trial registration: IRCT code: IRCT20210502051162N1, Approval ID: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1400.111, registered on 01.06.2021 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-07405532137142148cef9138ec990c94 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-244X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-07405532137142148cef9138ec990c942025-02-09T12:49:26ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-02-012511810.1186/s12888-025-06555-3The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trialHelya Helali0Nastaran Samani1Faraj Tabeie2Shiva Eiliaei3Ali Kheradmand4Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Behavioral Sciences Research Center of Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Medical Physics, School of medicine, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Psychiatry, Taleghani Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background The effects of tPBMT are from influencing compounds by triggering specific reactions, which stimulate Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis and neurogenesis. According to these effects, tPBMT has been applied as a potential treatment for various neural-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tPBMT on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing MMT. Methods This randomized controlled clinical trial included two groups of substance-dependent patients undergoing MMT. They were randomly assigned to receive tPBMT or a sham tPBMT. The intervention group received PBM in the form of Light- Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for four minutes of light exposure at 810 nm wavelength producing 250 mW/cm2 when applied to 4 mm skin depth (totaling 60 J/cm2) in both forehead locations. The levels of anxiety, depression, and opioid craving were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention, as well as at one-month and three-month follow-up assessments. Results Both groups consisted of 32 (91.4%) males and 3 (8.6%) females, with the mean age of patients in the intervention group being 37.97 ± 10.58 years, and 39.66 ± 9.94 years in the control group (P = 0.495). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of depression, anxiety, and opioid craving scale scores before the intervention (p>0.05). However, the tPBMT group had statistically significant reductions in their scores compared to the sham tPBMT group. (p<0.05). Conclusion tPBMT led to significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and opioid craving among individuals in MMT, and these improvements were sustained at one month and three months after treatment, indicating a long-lasting positive effect. Trial registration Trial registration: IRCT code: IRCT20210502051162N1, Approval ID: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1400.111, registered on 01.06.2021https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06555-3PhotobiomodulationMethadone maintenance treatmentAnxietyDepressionOpioid craving |
| spellingShingle | Helya Helali Nastaran Samani Faraj Tabeie Shiva Eiliaei Ali Kheradmand The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial BMC Psychiatry Photobiomodulation Methadone maintenance treatment Anxiety Depression Opioid craving |
| title | The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |
| title_full | The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |
| title_fullStr | The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |
| title_short | The effectiveness of Transcranial Photobiomodulation therapy (tPBM) on reducing anxiety, depression, and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial |
| title_sort | effectiveness of transcranial photobiomodulation therapy tpbm on reducing anxiety depression and opioid craving in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment a double blind randomized controlled trial |
| topic | Photobiomodulation Methadone maintenance treatment Anxiety Depression Opioid craving |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06555-3 |
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