TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration

Bioinspired scaffolds, designed to replicate distinct regions and mimic stratified anatomical architecture, have emerged as a promising approach for addressing osteochondral defects (a joint injury affecting both cartilage and underlying bone). Despite extensive preclinical research, the challenge o...

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Main Authors: Farnaz Ghorbani, Behafarid Ghalandari, Rainer Detsch, Chaozong Liu, Aldo R. Boccaccini
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Materials Today Bio
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006425004399
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author Farnaz Ghorbani
Behafarid Ghalandari
Rainer Detsch
Chaozong Liu
Aldo R. Boccaccini
author_facet Farnaz Ghorbani
Behafarid Ghalandari
Rainer Detsch
Chaozong Liu
Aldo R. Boccaccini
author_sort Farnaz Ghorbani
collection DOAJ
description Bioinspired scaffolds, designed to replicate distinct regions and mimic stratified anatomical architecture, have emerged as a promising approach for addressing osteochondral defects (a joint injury affecting both cartilage and underlying bone). Despite extensive preclinical research, the challenge of integrating newly formed bone and cartilage has hindered clinical adoption, driving the continuous development of more effective constructs. To address this issue, we propose an approach centred on a protein-modified stratified multi-phasic scaffolds. In this investigation, we developed a bottom layer composed of polydopamine-modified 3D printed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds loaded with simvastatin, complemented by an upper layer consisting of electrospun PLGA-gelatine fibres obtained by a green strategy, e.g., using a benign solvent. Scaffolds were then coated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)- bovine serum albumin (BSA). The multi-phasic scaffolds exhibited a hierarchical interconnected porous microstructure with hydrophilicity characterized by a contact angle of 24° and a swelling rate of 467 % over 24 h (n = 5), contributing to in-vitro hydrolytic degradation under controllable degradation rates of 49 % over 4 weeks (n = 5). Scaffolds were also shown to undergo hydroxyapatite mineralization. The multi-phasic scaffolds exhibited a cytocompatible support for adhesion and proliferation (3.5-fold increase from day 2 to day 7) of sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion (1.4-fold increase from day 14 to day 21) and biomineralization (n = 5). Additionally, the expression of collagen type II (COL2A1) and SRY-Box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) biomarkers increased over 28 days of cultivating human chondrocytes. Similarly, osteopontin (SPP1) and collagen type I (COL1A1) biomarkers showed increased expression over a 28-day period following the culture of human osteoblasts. These findings demonstrate the enhanced osteogenic and chondrogenic performance of the multi-phasic scaffold, intensified by the synergistic influence of the TGF-β1/BSA complex, potentially augmenting growth factor bioavailability for cells. In conclusion, the hierarchical multi-phasic scaffolds introduced in this work represent a highly promising strategy for the regeneration of osteochondral defects.
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spelling doaj-art-0731cdbde1b049e89e632920ba05c5ca2025-08-20T03:48:19ZengElsevierMaterials Today Bio2590-00642025-06-013210187910.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101879TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regenerationFarnaz Ghorbani0Behafarid Ghalandari1Rainer Detsch2Chaozong Liu3Aldo R. Boccaccini4Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP, United Kingdom; Department of Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom; Corresponding author. Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, United KingdomInstitute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP, United Kingdom; Corresponding author.Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058, Erlangen, Germany; Corresponding author.Bioinspired scaffolds, designed to replicate distinct regions and mimic stratified anatomical architecture, have emerged as a promising approach for addressing osteochondral defects (a joint injury affecting both cartilage and underlying bone). Despite extensive preclinical research, the challenge of integrating newly formed bone and cartilage has hindered clinical adoption, driving the continuous development of more effective constructs. To address this issue, we propose an approach centred on a protein-modified stratified multi-phasic scaffolds. In this investigation, we developed a bottom layer composed of polydopamine-modified 3D printed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds loaded with simvastatin, complemented by an upper layer consisting of electrospun PLGA-gelatine fibres obtained by a green strategy, e.g., using a benign solvent. Scaffolds were then coated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)- bovine serum albumin (BSA). The multi-phasic scaffolds exhibited a hierarchical interconnected porous microstructure with hydrophilicity characterized by a contact angle of 24° and a swelling rate of 467 % over 24 h (n = 5), contributing to in-vitro hydrolytic degradation under controllable degradation rates of 49 % over 4 weeks (n = 5). Scaffolds were also shown to undergo hydroxyapatite mineralization. The multi-phasic scaffolds exhibited a cytocompatible support for adhesion and proliferation (3.5-fold increase from day 2 to day 7) of sheep bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion (1.4-fold increase from day 14 to day 21) and biomineralization (n = 5). Additionally, the expression of collagen type II (COL2A1) and SRY-Box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) biomarkers increased over 28 days of cultivating human chondrocytes. Similarly, osteopontin (SPP1) and collagen type I (COL1A1) biomarkers showed increased expression over a 28-day period following the culture of human osteoblasts. These findings demonstrate the enhanced osteogenic and chondrogenic performance of the multi-phasic scaffold, intensified by the synergistic influence of the TGF-β1/BSA complex, potentially augmenting growth factor bioavailability for cells. In conclusion, the hierarchical multi-phasic scaffolds introduced in this work represent a highly promising strategy for the regeneration of osteochondral defects.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S25900064250043993D printingElectrospinningProtein coatingOsteochondralTissue engineering
spellingShingle Farnaz Ghorbani
Behafarid Ghalandari
Rainer Detsch
Chaozong Liu
Aldo R. Boccaccini
TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
Materials Today Bio
3D printing
Electrospinning
Protein coating
Osteochondral
Tissue engineering
title TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
title_full TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
title_fullStr TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
title_full_unstemmed TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
title_short TGF-β1/BSA coating modulates multi-phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
title_sort tgf β1 bsa coating modulates multi phasic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration
topic 3D printing
Electrospinning
Protein coating
Osteochondral
Tissue engineering
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006425004399
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