Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems
We introduce a novel LoRa-based multi-hop communication architecture as an alternative to the public internet for earthquake early warning (EEW). We examine its effectiveness in generating a meaningful warning window for the New Zealand-based decentralised EEW sensor network implemented by the CRISi...
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MDPI AG
2024-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5960 |
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| author | Vinuja Ranasinghe Nuwan Udara Movindi Mathotaarachchi Tharindu Thenuwara Dileeka Dias Raj Prasanna Sampath Edirisinghe Samiru Gayan Caroline Holden Amal Punchihewa Max Stephens Paul Drummond |
| author_facet | Vinuja Ranasinghe Nuwan Udara Movindi Mathotaarachchi Tharindu Thenuwara Dileeka Dias Raj Prasanna Sampath Edirisinghe Samiru Gayan Caroline Holden Amal Punchihewa Max Stephens Paul Drummond |
| author_sort | Vinuja Ranasinghe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We introduce a novel LoRa-based multi-hop communication architecture as an alternative to the public internet for earthquake early warning (EEW). We examine its effectiveness in generating a meaningful warning window for the New Zealand-based decentralised EEW sensor network implemented by the CRISiSLab operating with the adapted Propagation of Local Undamped Motion (PLUM)-based earthquake detection and node-level data processing. LoRa, popular for low-power, long-range applications, has the disadvantage of long transmission time for time-critical tasks like EEW. Our network overcomes this limitation by broadcasting EEWs via multiple short hops with a low spreading factor (SF). The network includes end nodes that generate warnings and relay nodes that broadcast them. Benchmarking with simulations against CRISiSLab’s EEW system performance with internet connectivity shows that an SF of 8 can disseminate warnings across all the sensors in a 30 km urban area within 2.4 s. This approach is also resilient, with the availability of multiple routes for a message to travel. Our LoRa-based system achieves a 1–6 s warning window, slightly behind the 1.5–6.75 s of the internet-based performance of CRISiSLab’s system. Nevertheless, our novel network is effective for timely mental preparation, simple protective actions, and automation. Experiments with Lilygo LoRa32 prototype devices are presented as a practical demonstration. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-06ac13e6f86b460989653418dce4bce5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-06ac13e6f86b460989653418dce4bce52025-08-20T01:55:51ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-09-012418596010.3390/s24185960Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning SystemsVinuja Ranasinghe0Nuwan Udara1Movindi Mathotaarachchi2Tharindu Thenuwara3Dileeka Dias4Raj Prasanna5Sampath Edirisinghe6Samiru Gayan7Caroline Holden8Amal Punchihewa9Max Stephens10Paul Drummond11Department of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaDepartment of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaDepartment of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaDepartment of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaDepartment of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaJoint Centre for Disaster Research, Massey University, Wellington 6021, New ZealandDepartment of Computer Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Ratmalana 10390, Sri LankaDepartment of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa 10400, Sri LankaSeismoCity Ltd., Wellington 6023, New ZealandADP Consultancy, Palmerston North 4410, New ZealandCivil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New ZealandCanterbury Seismic, Christchurch 8442, New ZealandWe introduce a novel LoRa-based multi-hop communication architecture as an alternative to the public internet for earthquake early warning (EEW). We examine its effectiveness in generating a meaningful warning window for the New Zealand-based decentralised EEW sensor network implemented by the CRISiSLab operating with the adapted Propagation of Local Undamped Motion (PLUM)-based earthquake detection and node-level data processing. LoRa, popular for low-power, long-range applications, has the disadvantage of long transmission time for time-critical tasks like EEW. Our network overcomes this limitation by broadcasting EEWs via multiple short hops with a low spreading factor (SF). The network includes end nodes that generate warnings and relay nodes that broadcast them. Benchmarking with simulations against CRISiSLab’s EEW system performance with internet connectivity shows that an SF of 8 can disseminate warnings across all the sensors in a 30 km urban area within 2.4 s. This approach is also resilient, with the availability of multiple routes for a message to travel. Our LoRa-based system achieves a 1–6 s warning window, slightly behind the 1.5–6.75 s of the internet-based performance of CRISiSLab’s system. Nevertheless, our novel network is effective for timely mental preparation, simple protective actions, and automation. Experiments with Lilygo LoRa32 prototype devices are presented as a practical demonstration.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5960earthquakemulti-hopbroadcastdelayPLUMEEW |
| spellingShingle | Vinuja Ranasinghe Nuwan Udara Movindi Mathotaarachchi Tharindu Thenuwara Dileeka Dias Raj Prasanna Sampath Edirisinghe Samiru Gayan Caroline Holden Amal Punchihewa Max Stephens Paul Drummond Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems Sensors earthquake multi-hop broadcast delay PLUM EEW |
| title | Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
| title_full | Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
| title_fullStr | Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
| title_short | Rapid and Resilient LoRa Leap: A Novel Multi-Hop Architecture for Decentralised Earthquake Early Warning Systems |
| title_sort | rapid and resilient lora leap a novel multi hop architecture for decentralised earthquake early warning systems |
| topic | earthquake multi-hop broadcast delay PLUM EEW |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/18/5960 |
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