Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI

The conception of digital sovereignty has been associated, especially in the early stages of the diffusion of the Internet, with efforts to keep specific data and information outside of a state’s jurisdiction. AI sovereignty responds to an almost opposite logic, indicating the ability of a state to...

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Main Author: Iginio Gagliardone
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação Ibict/UFRJ 2024-12-01
Series:Liinc em Revista
Subjects:
Online Access:https://revista.ibict.br/liinc/article/view/7319
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author Iginio Gagliardone
author_facet Iginio Gagliardone
author_sort Iginio Gagliardone
collection DOAJ
description The conception of digital sovereignty has been associated, especially in the early stages of the diffusion of the Internet, with efforts to keep specific data and information outside of a state’s jurisdiction. AI sovereignty responds to an almost opposite logic, indicating the ability of a state to access and make use of data that are produced within its jurisdiction. These two strategies –which I refer to as lock-out and lock-in sovereignty –share some common roots (e.g. the attempt to protect and enhance specific cultural attributes recognised as important by a national community), but they also point to different technical, economic, and political characteristics needed to enforce one or the other type of sovereignty. The article examines key elements that set these concepts, and their implementation, apart and how they intersect with both existing and potential articulations of national sovereignty in Africa. In particular it opposes a negative –and still pervasive –definition of sovereigntyapplied to African states, based on the Westphalian ideal and “measuring the gap between what Africa is and what we are told it ought to be” (Mbembe 2019, p.26); and the possibilities disclosed by re-appropriating practices of “networked sovereignty” (Mbembe, 2016). The definition of sovereignty that has prevailed after independence has followed what Achille Mbembe provocatively referred to as the “fetishization” of the concept of nation-state. African governments “borrowed concepts from the Western lexicon such as “national interest”, “risks”, “threats” or “national security” [which] refer to a philosophy of movement and a philosophy of space entirely predicated on the existence of an enemy in a world of hostility” disregarding Africa’s “long held traditions of flexible, networked sovereignty” (Mbembe, 2017). But, following Mbembe, it is by reconnecting with the epistemic traditions that characterized pre-colonial Africa (Mbembe, 2020) that it becomes possible to experiment with new forms of resistance and value making that seem more attuned to some of the realities brought by digital technologies, and Artificial Intelligence more specifically. As he explained, “precolonial Africa might not have been a borderless world. But where they existed borders were always porous and permeable. [...] Networks, flows and crossroads were more important than borders. What mattered the most was the extent to which flows intersected with other flows” (Mbembe, 2017).
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spelling doaj-art-06aaf3f7e3b94776a3fd621234af80c32025-02-04T20:06:03ZengPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação Ibict/UFRJLiinc em Revista1808-35362024-12-0120210.18617/liinc.v20i2.73199762Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AIIginio Gagliardone0University of the WitwatersrandThe conception of digital sovereignty has been associated, especially in the early stages of the diffusion of the Internet, with efforts to keep specific data and information outside of a state’s jurisdiction. AI sovereignty responds to an almost opposite logic, indicating the ability of a state to access and make use of data that are produced within its jurisdiction. These two strategies –which I refer to as lock-out and lock-in sovereignty –share some common roots (e.g. the attempt to protect and enhance specific cultural attributes recognised as important by a national community), but they also point to different technical, economic, and political characteristics needed to enforce one or the other type of sovereignty. The article examines key elements that set these concepts, and their implementation, apart and how they intersect with both existing and potential articulations of national sovereignty in Africa. In particular it opposes a negative –and still pervasive –definition of sovereigntyapplied to African states, based on the Westphalian ideal and “measuring the gap between what Africa is and what we are told it ought to be” (Mbembe 2019, p.26); and the possibilities disclosed by re-appropriating practices of “networked sovereignty” (Mbembe, 2016). The definition of sovereignty that has prevailed after independence has followed what Achille Mbembe provocatively referred to as the “fetishization” of the concept of nation-state. African governments “borrowed concepts from the Western lexicon such as “national interest”, “risks”, “threats” or “national security” [which] refer to a philosophy of movement and a philosophy of space entirely predicated on the existence of an enemy in a world of hostility” disregarding Africa’s “long held traditions of flexible, networked sovereignty” (Mbembe, 2017). But, following Mbembe, it is by reconnecting with the epistemic traditions that characterized pre-colonial Africa (Mbembe, 2020) that it becomes possible to experiment with new forms of resistance and value making that seem more attuned to some of the realities brought by digital technologies, and Artificial Intelligence more specifically. As he explained, “precolonial Africa might not have been a borderless world. But where they existed borders were always porous and permeable. [...] Networks, flows and crossroads were more important than borders. What mattered the most was the extent to which flows intersected with other flows” (Mbembe, 2017).https://revista.ibict.br/liinc/article/view/7319africadigital sovereigntylabour and ai politics of technologydigital governance
spellingShingle Iginio Gagliardone
Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
Liinc em Revista
africa
digital sovereignty
labour and ai
politics of technology
digital governance
title Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
title_full Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
title_fullStr Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
title_full_unstemmed Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
title_short Lock-out, lock-in, and networked sovereignty. Resistance and experimentation in Africa’s trajectory towards AI
title_sort lock out lock in and networked sovereignty resistance and experimentation in africa s trajectory towards ai
topic africa
digital sovereignty
labour and ai
politics of technology
digital governance
url https://revista.ibict.br/liinc/article/view/7319
work_keys_str_mv AT iginiogagliardone lockoutlockinandnetworkedsovereigntyresistanceandexperimentationinafricastrajectorytowardsai